This means that for every 100 kilocalories you feed a cow, you only get 2 kilocalories of beef back. Brazil, Argentina, Colombia and Indonesia are managing climbing feedstock and biofuel costs by temporarily reducing or delaying blending mandates. Copyright 2022 Energy & Climate Intelligence Unit. All emission estimates from the Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 19902020. The protein digestibilitycorrected amino acid score. Alexander, P., Brown, C., Arneth, A., Finnigan, J., & Rounsevell, M. D. (2016). Pressure from consumers can filter through to growers. An estimated 65% of land used for grass for grazing cattle is not suitable for growing crops.Mottet, A., de Haan, C., Falcucci, A., Tempio, G., Opio, C., & Gerber, P. (2017). It provides information that EU countries can use jointly with the criteria set out in the delegated act in order to identify high ILUC-risk fuels and certify low ILUC-risk fuels. But this is reasonably consistent with studies that have looked at the expansion of palm plantations more broadly. EURACTIV is your one-stop-shop for in-depth news about policies and politics from EU institutions and national capitals. However, we might argue that this oversimplifies the comparison to more temperate crops: it assumes the environmental impact of devoting one hectare of land for sunflower seeds in Europe is the same as cutting down tropical rainforests to grow palm or coconut plantations. Palm oil achieves very high yields relative to other oilcrops. To have a real, permanent impact, certification needs to cover a much larger number of growers. It also reinforces the sustainability criteria of bioenergy through different provisions, including the negative direct impact that the production of biofuels may have due to indirect land use change (ILUC). There is a strong rich-poor split across countries: people in poorer countries get most of their calories from cereals as they cannot afford much meat and dairy. All rights reserved. Renewable diesel demand nearly triples between 2020 and 2026, primarily thanks to policies in the United States and Europe. We can compare crops in terms of their yields how much oil we can produce from one hectare of land. Modern bioenergy does not include the traditional use of biomass in developing countries and emerging economies for cooking and heating, using inefficient open fires or simple cook stoves, which has impacts on human health and the environment. Previous and predicted global petroleum sources (A) Global liquid fuel use in 2006 was predominantly (96.3%) conventional petroleum, with slightly less than 1% being biofuels. An alternative fuel vehicle is a motor vehicle that runs on alternative fuel rather than traditional petroleum fuels (petrol or petrodiesel).The term also refers to any technology (e.g. The non-oil fraction of soybeans, for example, can be allocated to other uses such as high-protein animal feed. Nature, 564(7735), 249-253. production of feedstock for these fuels does not take place on land with high biodiversity Soy achieves a PDCAAS of 0.92, comparable to beef at 0.94.Schaafsma, G. (2000). Europe, for example, limits blends to 7%. This has a large impact on how land requirements change as we shift towards a more plant-based diet. Based on US ethanol, Brazilian ethanol and biodiesel, Indonesian biodiesel and EU biodiesel. This large reduction of agricultural land use would be possible thanks to a reduction in land used for grazing and a smaller need for land to grow crops. Biofuels are liquid or gaseous transport fuels, such as biodiesel and bioethanol, made from biomass. Energy Policies of IEA Countries: United States 2019 Review. The Commission is divided into departments known as Directorates-General (DGs) The last frontiers of wilderness: Tracking loss of intact forest landscapes from 2000 to 2013. In both countries, growing transport fuel demand over the forecast period, in combination with mandates, accelerates biofuel demand. Firstly, it has lowest production costs.11 Secondly, its composition means its versatile and can be used for food and non-food purposes alike: some oils are not suited for cosmetic uses such as shampoos and detergents. Overall biofuel demand growth could more than double to near 9% a year in the accelerated case. In the chart here we see the drivers of deforestation in Indonesia from 2001 to 2016.8 Oil palm plantations were the largest driver of deforestation over this period, accounting for 23%. All of our charts can be embedded in any site. Three species may be recognized: Cannabis sativa, Cannabis indica, and Cannabis ruderalis; C. ruderalis may be included within C. sativa; all three may be treated as subspecies of a single species, C. sativa; or C. sativa may be Palm oils contribution to deforestation which has greater environmental impacts than degradation would be higher. As a rule of thumb: smaller animals are more efficient. A push towards increased biofuel consumption in the transport sector has been driving this, despite it being worse for the environment than normal diesel (more on this later). This comparison is shown in the chart.12 Palm oil stands out immediately. This meta-analysis looked at the environmental impacts of foods covering 38,000 farms in 119 countries. As we noted earlier, protein quality can be scored in terms of its Protein Digestibility-Corrected Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS). Biodiesel has a different chemical composition to fossil diesel and so blending is limited. Palm oil accounts for 6% of this land use, which is small when we consider that it produces 36% of the oil. The Implementing Acts formally recognising the above post-ILUC NUTS2 or equivalent reports of cultivation emissions can be foundat, This site is managed by the Directorate-General for Energy, Follow the European Commission on social media, EU energy statistical pocketbook and country datasheets, revised Renewable Energy Directive(EU) 2018/2001, Delegated Regulation on indirect land-use change, report on the status of production expansion of relevant food and feed crops worldwide, Pre-ILUC Directive NUTS2 reports of cultivation emissions, Overview table of pre-ILUC Directive NUTS2 cultivation emissions values, Post-ILUC Directive NUTS2 or equivalent reports of cultivation emissions, Recognition of report of GHG emissions from the cultivation of canola oilseed in Australia, Recognition of report of GHG emissions from the cultivation of canola oilseed in Canada, Recognition of report of GHG emissions from the cultivation of rape oilseed in Croatia, Delegated Regulation on Indirect Land-Use Change (EU) 2019/807, Renewable Energy Directive (EU) 2018/2001, Directive to reduce indirect land use change for biofuels and bioliquids ((EU)2015/1513), Commission Regulation (EU) No 1307/2014 on defining the criteria and geographic ranges of highly biodiverse grassland, Decision on information about biofuels and bioliquids to be submitted by economic operators to Member States (2011/13/EU), Decision on guidelines for the calculation of land carbon stocks (2010/335/EU), EurObserv'ER - Solid Biofuels barometer 2021, European Climate, Infrastructure and Environment Executive Agency (CINEA), Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators (ACER). Voluntary schemes and national certification schemes of EU countries help to ensure that biofuels, bioliquids and biomass fuels fuels are sustainably produced by verifying that they comply with the EU sustainability criteria. Indonesia and Malaysia account for 63% of global land use for palm. Why has the market for palm oil and vegetable oils more broadly increased so rapidly? Nuclear Energy in South Korea, South Korea needs to import some 97% of its energy requirements. A publication of recent and historical energy statistics. We will always indicate the original source of the data in our documentation, so you should always check the license of any such third-party data before use and redistribution. Government policies are the principal driver of the remaining expansion, but other factors such as overall transport fuel demand, costs and specific policy design influence where growth occurs and which fuels grow quickest. Energy & Climate Intelligence Unit. We know that tropical forests are incredibly rich in biodiversity, and store a lot of carbon from the atmosphere. One way of comparing the quality of different protein sources is using their Protein Digestibility-Corrected Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS). Main activity producers generate electricity for sale to third parties as their primary activity. Mandates for blending biofuels exist in 31 countries at the national level and in 29 states/provinces. Ethanol and biodiesel growth remains robust, however, thanks to demand in LatinAmerica and Asia, and recovery from Covid-19 declines. By 2023 US and European gasoline demand has recovered from Covid-19 disruption, but remains well below 2019 levels (IEA, 2021c). The recovery to pre-Covid-19 demand levels accounts for one-fifth of this demand growth. Agricultural Policy Monitoring and Evaluation 2022 shows that the 54 countries monitored provided on average USD 817 billion of support to agriculture annually over the 2019 IEA (international energy AGENCY.) It provides information that EU countries can use jointly with the criteria set out in the delegated act in order to identify high ILUC-risk fuels and certify low ILUC-risk fuels. If we werent meeting global oil demand through palm oil, another oilcrop would have to take its place. Create a free IEA account to download our reports or subcribe to a paid service. The 2035 climate neutrality target will require strong transformations and technological advancements in energy markets. And it is a global leader in second-generation biofuels produced from wood, notably biodiesel. The recovery to pre-Covid-19 demand levels accounts for one-fifth of this demand growth. Voluntary schemes and national certification schemes of EU countries help to ensure that biofuels, bioliquids and biomass fuels fuels are sustainably produced by verifying that they comply with the EU sustainability criteria. Share of cereals allocated to animal feed, Share of cereals allocated to industrial uses (e.g. Lets take a look at how this comparison affects the global landscape of oilcrops in terms of production and land use. Technology deep dive. Would the alternatives be any better for the environment? This large reduction of agricultural land use would be possible thanks to a reduction in land used for grazing and a smaller need for land to grow crops. Carter, C., Finley, W., Fry, J., Jackson, D., & Willis, L. (2007). Reports on emissions from cultivation of raw materials for use in biofuels. Why are consumers turning their back on palm oil? These distinctions on how quickly palm oil plantations replaced forests make it difficult to give a clear, single number on how much deforestation it has caused. In the chart here we see the amount of agricultural land the world would need to provide food for everyone. Cereals in particular are often limited in the amino acid, lysine. The world's top ethanol fuel producer in 2010 was the United States with 13.2 billion U.S. gallons (49.95 billion liters) representing 57.5% of global production, followed by Brazil with 6.92 billion U.S. gallons (26.19 billion liters), and together both countries accounted for 88% of the world production of 22.95 billion U.S. gallons (86.85 billion liters). If we want to limit our environmental impact, reducing the amount of land we devote to agriculture is key. We see this in the map. Daily News Alert newsletter. A push towards increased biofuel consumption in the transport sector has been driving this, despite it being worse for the environment than normal diesel (more on this later). Ostfeld, R., Howarth, D., Reiner, D., & Krasny, P. (2019). As we see, almost three-quarters of this land is used as pasture, the remaining quarter is cropland.5 If we combine pastures and cropland for animal feed, around 80% of all agricultural land is used for meat and dairy production. All emission estimates from the Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 19902020. SAFs qualify for credits under the RFS. Net Zero Emissions Race. Biodiesel, also called fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), and renewable diesel, also known as hydrogenated vegetable oil (HVO), can both be blended with diesel fuel. Please email John.Lang@eciu.net if you have any questions, Scroll left and right on the graph to view all data. One study suggests that palm oil is responsible for around 2% of global tree loss.6 Another suggests it is responsible for only 0.2% of intact forest loss.7 This seems very low. 43% also answered Dont know, meaning that almost no one thought it was good. Other producers include Thailand, Colombia, Nigeria, Guatemala, and Ecuador. But there are a couple of caveats to these figures. 2045 European Union. Lets focus on the two key countries driving production: Indonesia and Malaysia. Reports on emissions from cultivation of raw materials for use in biofuels. The change in global production is shown in the chart.3. Electricity generation is defined as electricity generated from fossil fuels, nuclear power plants, hydro power plants (excluding pumped storage), geothermal systems, solar panels, biofuels, wind. This means they cannot afford to divert cereals towards livestock or biofuels. (2016). We can simply calculate this as 1 / Yield (in tonnes per hectare). Nuclear Energy in South Korea, South Korea needs to import some 97% of its energy requirements. 2045 Sweden. Mandates for blending biofuels exist in 31 countries at the national level and in 29 states/provinces. Larger image to save or print Asian countries account for nearly one-third of new production over the forecast period. Global production increased ten-fold since the 1960s from 17 to 170 million tonnes in 2014. Cereals, on their own, dont although a complete protein profile can be achieved when mixing them with legumes in your diet. [193] The rise of palm oil follows the rapid increase in demand for vegetable oils more broadly. Retailers know that this is becoming an important driver of consumer choices. These limits impose a freeze equivalent to 2019 levels for the period 2021-2023, which will gradually decrease from the end of 2023 to zero by 2030. But this doesnt change the fact that if the world requires a given amount of vegetable oil, it is the oil yield per hectare of each crop that we care about regardless of whether it provides co-products in the process. Vijay, V., Pimm, S. L., Jenkins, C. N., & Smith, S. J. 50263 on Methane Emissions Reductions, Infrastructure and Jobs act: Clean hydrogen initiatives, Executive Order 14017 of Americas Supply Chains, NADB's investment in infrastructure projects: climate change and green economy, Funding to Advance Integrating Hydrogen and Nuclear Power, Infrastructure and Jobs act: Public Transit Capital Investment Grants. Join us! The less land we need for farming, the better. In this case, Asia accounts for the largest upside and surpasses Brazil to become the second-largest biofuel producer globally. Find out about the world, a region, or a country, Find out about a fuel, a technology or a sector, Explore the full range of IEA's unique analysis, Search, download and purchase energy data and statistics, Search, filter and find energy-related policies, Shaping a secure and sustainable energy future, Clean Energy Transitions in Emerging Economies, Digital Demand-Driven Electricity Networks Initiative, Promoting digital demand-driven electricity networks. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 109(4), 307-314. Both main activity producer and autoproducer plants are included, where data are available. As wed expect, all of these countries lie along the zone of optimal conditions around the equator. Jet fuel or aviation turbine fuel (ATF, also abbreviated avtur) is a type of aviation fuel designed for use in aircraft powered by gas-turbine engines.It is colorless to straw-colored in appearance. How much would our agricultural land use decline if the world adopted a plant-based diet? This net sink is not shown in the above diagram. Digital Journal is a digital media news network with thousands of Digital Journalists in 200 countries around the world. It operates as a cabinet government, with 27 members of the Commission (informally known as "Commissioners") headed by a President. 935). You have permission to use, distribute, and reproduce these in any medium, provided the source and authors are credited. As of 2020, we estimate another 7% of households will use wood as a secondary source of heat, second to electricity as a supplemental heating fuel for U.S. households. If we would shift towards a more plant-based diet we dont only need less agricultural land overall, we also need less cropland. Both types of plants may be privately or publicly owned. As we look at in more detail here, only 7% of soy goes towards human foods such as tofu, tempeh, soy milk and other substitute products. Therefore using this land to grow the crop is meeting other food demand at the same time. Focus on what you eat, not whether your food is local. Renewable diesel has the same chemical composition as fossil diesel and so is fully compatible with existing diesel engines. The World Bank Group (WBG) is one of the largest providers of finance for renewable energy and energy efficiency projects in developing and middle-income countries. Keep up to date with our latest news and analysis by subscribing to our regular newsletter. Today 20 reactors provide almost 40% of A situation analysis by the IUCN Oil Palm Task Force. This is based on reported figures as of November 2020. Larger image to save or print For proper nutrition, we will have to change the types of crops we grow. Biomass is renewable organic material that comes from plants and animals. The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor (H 2 O), carbon dioxide (CO 2), methane (CH 4), nitrous oxide (N 2 O), and ozone (O 3).Without greenhouse gases, the average temperature of Earth's surface Energy & Climate Intelligence Unit. Innovations in oil and gas extraction through horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing have made oil and gas production from shale formations a mainstay of the US and global energy landscape. Technology deep dive. The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor (H 2 O), carbon dioxide (CO 2), methane (CH 4), nitrous oxide (N 2 O), and ozone (O 3).Without greenhouse gases, the average temperature of Earth's surface Science, 360(6392), 987-992. Today 20 reactors provide almost 40% of Environmental Research Letters,11(10), 105002. These are co-products, although by economic value, animal feed dominates. Global Food Security, 14, 1-8.Poore, J., & Nemecek, T. (2018). The carbon opportunity cost of animal-sourced food production on land. This entry can be cited as: All visualizations, data, and code produced by Our World in Data are completely open access under the Creative Commons BY license.
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