The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Zsido AN. 2012;26(3):393400. Get access to thousands of forms. All questionnaires were completed anonymously. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.03.010, Carleton, R. N., Collimore, K. C., Asmundson, G. J. G., McCabe, R. E., Rowa, K., and Anthony, M. M. (2009). Johnson EO, Roth T, Breslau N. The association of insomnia with anxiety disorders and depression: exploration of the direction of risk. Garnefski N, Kraaij V. Cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire - development of a short 18-item version (CERQ-short). While both projects included the SPS and SIAS, the measures collected for examining the external validities of the SPS and SIAS differed. J. Psychopathol. The site is secure. 3 = Very characteristic or true of me . This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). 2010;27(2):16889. self-blame, rumination, and catastrophizing) were associated with social anxiety. J. Pers. At the statistical level, the goodness-of-fit of the CFA models was examined using WLSMV2. Andras N. Zsido. Diagnostic And Statistical Manual Of Mental Disorders, 5th Edn. An example of an item is I am frequently afraid of other people noticing my shortcomings. The BFNE has four reverse scored items that have been shown to be vulnerable to response bias (Rodebaugh et al., 2004; Weeks et al., 2005). Relevant to the current study, the study by Carleton et al. Impact of cognitive-behavioral therapy for social anxiety disorder on the neural bases of emotional reactivity to and regulation of social evaluation. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of their ratings indicated good support for the bifactor model. The external validities of the factors in the optimum model with extraversion and neuroticism were examined for only the Tasmanian sample (as the EPQ-R was not completed by the Victorian sample); and the external validities of the factors in the optimum model with BFNE-S scores was examined for only the Victorian sample as (the BFNE-S was not completed by the Tasmanian sample). All studies presented in this paper were approved by the Hungarian United Ethical Review Committee for Research in Psychology (nr. For example, both Fergus et al. As indicated, for the general factor, with the exception of the reverse scored SIAS items 5, 9, and 11, all the other 37 SPS and all SIAS items showed salient loadings on the general factor, based on Thurstone's (1947) classical criterion for salience as standardized loading 0.3. Personality correlates of public and private self-consciousness. The measure assesses social anxiety disorder, which is fear or anxiety about one or more social situations where the individual is subject to possible scrutiny. 2020;50(9):141832. The protective functions of relationships, social support and self-esteem in the life satisfaction of children of migrant workers in Shanghai, China. According to our results, the SIAS-6 and SPS-6 scales had good reliability on a clinical sample as well. Sensitivity to treatment was assessed by comparing the scores on the questionnaires during the process of treatment [30, 31]. Mplus User's Guide, 7th Edn. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2017.05.001. Conceptualization; Formal analysis; Funding acquisition; Investigation; Methodology; Project administration; Supervision; Validation; Roles/Writing original draft; Writing review & editing. It is to be noted however, that the appropriateness of these benchmarks has yet to be established for bifactor analyses (West et al., 2012). Development of a short form social interaction anxiety (SIAS) and social phobia scale (SPS) using nonparametric item response theory: the SIAS-6 and the SPS-6. Both scales have been shown to have good reliability and validity (Heimberg et al., 1992; Mattick and Clarke, 1998). Expectancy model of fear, in Theoretical Issues in Behavior Therapy, eds S. Reiss and R. R. Bootzin (New York, NY: Academic Press), 107121. Clin Psychol Rev. Hahn EA, Holzner B, Kemmler G, Sperner-Unterweger B, Hudgens SA, Cella D. Cross-cultural evaluation of health status using item response theory: fact-B comparisons between Austrian and U.S. patients with breast cancer. J Anxiety Disord. Individ. 55-65: Moderate social anxiety. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.11.003. The full versions of the SPS and SIAS have 20 items each. The first subsample completed other questionnaires to access convergent and divergent validity. Bifactor model of combined Social Phobia Scale (SPS) and Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS): Completely standardized factor loadings and sources of variance. For example, Stein et al. Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS) The SIAS is a 20 item self report scale designed to measure social interaction anxiety defined as "distress when meeting and talking with other people" (Mattick and Clarke, 1998, p. 457). A clinical psychologist working at the clinic asked individuals upon arrival to the clinic whether they would fill out a short survey to help us validate a questionnaire. 2009;23(7):86671. Anxiety 26, 7181. Second, although the large sample is a strength of our study, the gender imbalance may have confounded the results and could have made the comparison of females and males problematic. Psychol Med. Safren SA, Turk CL, Heimberg RG. Disord. Pers. 3. 8:70. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00070. Assessing the validity of social anxiety disorder subtypes using a nationally representative sample. Cultural aspects in social anxiety and social anxiety disorder. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239133. Adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies: interactive effects during CBT for social anxiety disorder. https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.44-5321. Although the SPS specific factor was associated with fear of negative evaluation, the effect size was small. Participants answered the questions using a dichotomous response format (true; false). Soc. (2001) found one factor for the SPS and two factors for the SIAS. Mean scores on all items ranged between .71 and 1.32 suggesting that the content of most social anxiety items was generally outside of the experience of most participants. In addition, SAD can also predispose individuals to physical conditions like insomnia, diabetes, and autoimmune diseases [12, 13]. Indivd. Validation of the social interaction anxiety scale and the social phobia scale across the anxiety disorders. (2014). Self-report. As pointed out earlier, high ECV and h (>0.75) values for the general factor would indicate the presence of a general dimension in the bifactor model. In contrast, positive reappraisal could help people to cope with such fears (see also [77]). The findings from such studies have shown that both the SPS and SIAS have high internal consistency values (alpha coefficients generally in the high 0.70 and 0.80 s), testretest reliabilities (Heimberg et al., 1992; Mattick and Clarke, 1998; Osman et al., 1998), and sound discriminant and convergent validities (Heimberg et al., 1992; Brown et al., 1997; Mattick and Clarke, 1998). 13, 186203. Overall, therefore, independent of the source of the sample (clinical or community), studies that have examined the SPS and SIAS have found mixed support for the expected one-factor models when the SPS and SIAS were examined separately, and the two-factor oblique model when they were examined together. Part of Equation Model. An advantage of the SIAS and SPS, and thus SIAS-6 and SPS-6, is that they assess anxieties regarding social interactions and fears related to the scrutiny of others [20]. Regarding the adult sample, as the CFA confirmed that both scales had a single latent variable, the scales were analyzed separately using GRM IRT. The mean scores (SD) for age in the Tasmania and Victoria samples were 26.63 (11.14) and 24.45 (9.04), respectively. Parenting Styles and Internalizing Symptoms in Adolescence: A Systematic Literature Review. Res.Ther. Emotion regulation strategies in depressive and anxiety symptoms in youth: a meta-analytic review. 2006;41(6):104553. In this respect, it could be an oblique two-factor model as there is high correlation between the SPS and SIAS factors (Heimberg et al., 1992; Brown et al., 1997; Safren et al., 1998; Carleton et al., 2009; Heidenreich et al., 2011; Fergus et al., 2012). As the Tasmanian and Victorian samples showed no difference for background characteristics, and only minimal differences for SIAS and SPS item scores, these samples can be assumed to be highly comparable. Consistent with these findings, PCA and EFA studies of the SPS and SIAS together have shown more than the expected two factors (Habke et al., 1997; Safren et al., 1998; Heidenreich et al., 2011). Document Organization. Cogn Behav Ther. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967(98)00032-1, Safren, S. A., Turk, C. L., and Heimberg, R. G. (1998). The TIFs demonstrated good coverage of a wide range of latent ability levels, see Fig. PLoS One. For example, the joint EFA of the SPS and SIAS conducted by Safren et al. We recruited participants throughout the Internet by posting recruitment notices in Hungarian to various frequently visited forums and several University mailing lists. A tutorial on hierarchically structured constructs. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-021-03174-6, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-021-03174-6. 19, 2139. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.10110. Int J Environ Res Public Health. The debate whether the one or two factors solution is the best may have relevance to the matter of whether social performance anxiety is a part, a specifier, or qualitatively distinct type of SAD. Arch Gen Psychiatry. [2] The measure assesses social anxiety disorder, which is fear or anxiety about one or more social situations where the individual is subject to possible scrutiny. The time to fill out the test battery was approximately 5min. Also, acceptance, which is an adaptive emotion regulation strategy positively predicted the SIAS-6 score. 3. There were no eligibility restrictions to participate in the study. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20670. doi: 10.1207/s15328007sem1302_2, Bonifay, W., Lane, S. P., and Reise, S. P. (2017). Pers Individ Dif. #1 Internet-trusted security seal. 23, 5373. Mean scores and 95% confidence intervals are presented in Table5. 50 votes. These scores were correlated with the latent factor scores for the optimum model. McDonalds omega values were also calculated to access the reliability of the scales. Fill out all the required fields (they are yellowish). Behav. Lower family income, lower self-esteem, and hostility were significantly associated with social interaction anxiety among adolescents. J Affect Disord. doi: 10.1037/met0000045, Ruscio, A. M. (2010). Self-esteem was assessed using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. This heteronormative phrasing may confuse, insult or alienate sexual minority respondents. Social fears and social phobia in the U.S.A: results from the national comorbidity survey replication. Psychol Assess. The model correctly classified 64.6% of the sample (=.25). Behav. 8600 Rockville Pike Program Manual . The current study aimed to gain more information about the factor structure and psychometric properties of the SIAS-6 and SPS-6 questionnaires in the Hungarian population. Vahedi S. World Health Organization quality-of-life scale (WHOQOL-BREF): analyses of their item response theory properties based on the graded responses model. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.02.086. Vogel DL, Wester SR, Larson LM. A subsample also answered two additional yes/no questions that were based on DSM-V criteria (historical instances of fainting and avoidance) for specific phobias [59]. Polk J, Sedlkov K, Ncar D, Landov E, Frynta D. Fear the serpent: a psychometric study of snake phobia. I have dif culty making eye contact with others. Zsido, A.N., Varadi-Borbas, B. Kashdan TB, Roberts JE. Additionally, in this study, taxometric procedures provided more support for the dimensional view of social anxiety than a categorical view. Lyketsos CG, Lopez O, Jones B, Fitzpatrick AL, Breitner J, Dekosky S. Prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia and mild cognitive impairment: results from the cardiovascular health study. For the two-factor model, there was acceptable fit in terms of both RMSEA and CFI-values. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Since the level of social anxiety is generally elevated in this population, the discrimination between typical or reasonable and atypical or excessive levels of social anxiety is much harder. SAD most often precedes these comorbid disorders, especially depression and substance abuse [10, 11]. The predictive power of some maladaptive emotion regulation strategies on the SIAS-6 and SPS-6 scales provides a potential framework for cognitive-behavioral-based interventions in order to avoid the development of more severe psychopathological consequences [69, 74]. Cronbach's , Revelle's , and Mcdonald's H: their relations with each other and two alternative conceptualizations of reliability. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.1037.abs. Instructions In this section, for each item, please circle the number to indicate the degree to which you feel the statement is characteristic or true for you. (2005). The Social Interaction Anxiety Scale. Systemic Therapy and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorders With Adults: Manual Development and Randomized-Controled Feasibility Study: Study Start Date : January 2015: Actual Primary Completion Date : . Development and validation of measures of social phobia scrutiny fear and social interaction anxiety. In previous studies, convergent validity was only measured by examining the correlations between the SIAS-6 and SPS-6 scales and questionnaires measuring fear of negative and positive evaluation, social anxiety symptoms, depression, worry, and anxiety sensitivity [20, 25, 30]. For the two-factor model, both the RMSEA and CFI-values indicted acceptable fit. This subsample comprised of 210 participants, ranging in age from 15 to 68years (M=34.8, SD=13.4) and were predominantly females (84.3%). 201825). Social Anxiety. Stein MB, Fuetsch M, Mller N, Hfler M, Lieb R, Wittchen HU. The cutoffs for good model fit were CFI and TLI values of .95 or greater [60], RMSEA and SRMR values of .08 or lower [61]. Our findings demonstrate that the SIAS-6 and SPS-6 have good psychometric properties and are reliable measures of social anxiety, assessing both anxieties regarding social interactions and fears related to the scrutiny of others in adults [20, 29, 30] and adolescents [22, 29, 41]. We used Pearsons correlations to observe the relationship between test scores and age. Instructions. While the failure of emotion regulation is thought to be a key feature of SAD [36,37,38,39,40], adaptive emotion regulation can reduce distress [36, 38]. Le Blanc, A. L., Bruce, L. C., Heimberg, R. G., Hope, D. A., Blanco, C., Schneier, F. R., et al. Methods: The TIFs demonstrated good coverage of a wide range of latent ability levels, see Fig. An exploration of within-group agreement in employee . The relationship between anxiety disorders and physical disorders in the U.S. National Comorbidity Survey. Wong QJJ, Gregory B, McLellan LF. [8] However, this limitation is not present among undergraduates or patients with social phobia. I become tense if I have to talk about myself or my feelings. 2001;13(4):1923. 17, 179190. The rating scale is as follows Not at all characteristic or true of me. Since the prevalence and expression of SAD are culture-dependent [46,47,48], examining the clinical applicability of SIAS-6 and SPS-6 in other cultures is necessary. Extremely characteristic or true of me. Copyright 2017 Gomez and Watson. Regarding the potential of the clinical applicability of the scales, the IRT analyses showed that the items of SIAS-6 and SPS-6 can discriminate well between socially anxious and nonanxious respondents. Moderately characteristic or true of me. J Anxiety Disord. When considered separately, use of total SIAS and SPS scores implies one-factor models for each of these measures. Indeed, such studies have reported better fitting models, with more than one factor when the SPS and SIAS were examined separately, and with more than two factors when they are examined together (Habke et al., 1997; Safren et al., 1998; Carleton et al., 2009; Heidenreich et al., 2011; Carter et al., 2014). Behav. The female dominance in social anxiety is fairly well-described [83]. doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2006.08.001, Rodebaugh, T. L., Woods, C. M., Heimberg, R. G., Liebowitz, M. R., and Schneier, F. R. (2006). Pers. Psychometric properties of the social phobia and social interaction anxiety scales: evidence of construct equivalence in an African American sample, J. Anxiety Disord. The analyses for the two subsamples were conducted separately, and for both analyses, the optimum model was extended to include the observed total neuroticism and extraversion score (Tasmanian sample), or the BFNE-S scores (Victorian sample). Article It is a 48-item yes/no scale that measures three dimensions of personality: extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism. Discriminant validity of the social phobia and anxiety inventory (SPAI), the social phobia scale (SPS), and the Social interaction anxiety scale (SIAS). The TIF curves are approximately normal-shaped. Behav. For this model, the -value for a primary factor is computed by dividing the amount of all trait variance explained by the factor by the total amount of variance (trait plus general plus error) explained by that factor. Caballo VE, Salazar IC, Irurtia MJ, Arias B, Nobre L. The assessment of social anxiety through five selfreport measures, LSAS-SR, SPAI, SPIN, SPS, and SIAS: a critical analysis of their factor structure. There is empirical support for this possibility. As shown, the model for the Victorian sample in which BFNE-S scores were correlated with the factors of the bifactor model indicated significant and positive correlations for BFNE-S observed scores with the general factor (r = 0.70, p < 0.001) and the SPS specific factor (r = 0.12, p < 0.01). Browne MW, Cudeck R. Alternative ways of assessing model fit. For this reason, effective screening instruments that can be administered quickly, and are sensitive enough to correctly recognize those who could potentially be diagnosed with SAD would be necessary [15]. 2. This is in line with results found in different cultures, such as in Australian, American, Japanese, and South Korean samples [29, 49]. I nd it easy to make friends my own age. The questionnaire measures a total of nine adaptive (Putting into Perspective, Positive Refocusing, Positive Reappraisal, Acceptance, and Planning.) By using this website, you agree to our On the performance of maximum likelihood versus means and variance adjusted weighted least squares estimation in CFA. There are also studies that have reported poor fit (Safren et al., 1998; Carleton et al., 2009). 2006;44(8):118797. Deros DE, Racz SJ, Lipton MF, Augenstein TM, Karp JN, Keeley LM, et al. As the SIAS and SPS are two major measures of trait social anxiety (Modini et al., 2015), the examination of their psychometric properties in community samples is valuable as it could contribute to better measurement and interpretation of social anxiety scores obtained by these questionnaires. doi: 10.1080/00223891.2012.725437, Reise, S. P., Scheines, R., Widaman, K. F., and Haviland, M. G. (2013b). Hofmann SG, Heering S, Sawyer AT, Asnaani A. Erath SA, Flanagan KS, Bierman KL. On the samples of adults and adolescents, the IRT analyses revealed that most of the items had very high discrimination ability indicating they are effective at discriminating individuals across a wide range of the latent trait. Regarding the SIAS-6 total score, the linear regression model (F(9,400)=10.25,p<.001, adjusted R2=.17) showed that positive reappraisal negatively predicted the scores on the questionnaire (=.15, 95%CI: .70 to .10, p=.008). Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. The failure to control for these effects in the study could have confounded the results. 1. Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS) Reverse-score items 5, 9, and 11 and then sum items 1-20. [4] In addition, patients with panic disorder and agoraphobia score higher than patients with specific phobia. Thereafter, an expert panel consisting of researchers in psychology as well as a native English speaker reviewed the back-translated version. [3], Questions of the SIAS assess a clients' fear of interacting in social situations, gauge emotional aspects of the anxiety response, and do not refer to social apprehensiveness or concern about others' opinions in a general sense. For the BFNE-S, the effect size for the association involving the general factor was large, and the effect size for the association involving the SPS specific factor was small, based on the guidelines proposed by Hemphill (2003) that r < 0.2 = small, 0.20.3 = medium or moderate, and >0.30 = large. 2014;26(4):111626. Behav Res Ther. SPS and SIAS total scores have also been able to discriminate individuals with and without SAD (Heimberg et al., 1992; Brown et al., 1997; Peters, 2000; Heidenreich et al., 2011). doi: 10.1037/a0024544, Reise, S. P., Bonifay, W. E., and Haviland, M. G. (2013a). [1] Though related, social interaction anxiety is different from social phobia which is defined as anxiety surrounding fear of being scrutinized in a social situation. Ruscio (2010) found that 14 indicators of performance and interactional fears loaded on a single latent factor. 1996;34(1):339. The guidelines suggested by Hu and Bentler (1998) are that RMSEA-values of 0.06 or below be taken as good fit, and values >0.06 to 0.08 be considered acceptable fit. For the SPS-6, four out of six items had high, while two items had very high discrimination ability. The factor structure of the social interaction anxiety scale and social phobia scale. 4.8 out of 5. [7] Beyond identifying those who experience social anxiety of some form, the scale can discriminate within the social anxiety class as well. The psychometric adequacy of the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS; R. P. Mattick & J. C. Clark, 1989), a measure of social interaction anxiety, and the Social Phobia Scale (SPS; R. E Mattick & J. C. Clarke, 1989), a measure of anxiety while being observed by others, was evaluated in anxious patients and normal controls. Overall, when the findings in the study are considered together, it can be concluded that while there is support for the bifactor model, only the general factor can be meaningfully interpreted, and the scores of the items in this factor provide an unbiased measure for the ratings on the SPS and SIAS when they are used together. Social interaction anxiety scale pdf. In the models, the SIAS-6 and SPS-6 scores served as the dependent variables, while the nine subscales of CERQ were the independent variables. For the SIAS, Kupper and Denollet (2012) found most support for a two-factor model, in which its 17 straightforward scored items made up one factor and the remaining three reverse scored items made up the second factor. PubMed In relation to the bifactor model, the ECV of a general factor is the common variance explained by the general factor divided by the total common variance, and the ECV of a specific factor is the common variance explained by the specific factor divided by the total common variance. [1], Evaluated through Cronbach's alpha, the SIAS demonstrates high levels of internal consistency,[1][2][6][7][8] meaning that different items on the test are correlated. They have suggested that bifactor model be also judged on substantive and conceptual grounds, and other fit indices, such as the h and ECV-values of the general and specific factors (e.g., Rodriguez et al., 2016; Bonifay et al., 2017). When mixing socially I am uncomfortable. The social phobia and social interaction anxiety scales: evaluation of psychometric properties. Psychol. The Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS) and its companion scale, the Social Phobia Scale (SPS), were developed in response to the need for instruments that assess various commonly feared social situations (Mattick & Clark, 1998 ). Behav. Naragon-Gainey, K., and Watson, D. (2011). Regarding the SIAS-6 scale, one item had moderate, one item had high and four items had very high discrimination ability. . Factor structure of the social interaction anxiety scale and the social phobia scale. We used three subsamples of adults (first sample) and adolescents (second sample) to access convergent, divergent, and predictive validity. Gelhorn H, Hartman C, Sakai J, Mikulich-Gilbertson S, Stallings M, Young S, et al. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. Introduction. Overall, although there is good support for the reliabilities, discriminant and convergent validities, and clinical utility of the SPS and SIAS total scores, at best, there is only mixed support for one-factor models for the SPS and SIAS when examined separately, or the two-factor oblique model when examined jointly. Social anxiety and peer relations in early adolescence: behavioral and cognitive factors. This subsample comprised 410 participants ranging in age from 15 to 75years (M=32.2, SD=12.9) and were predominantly females (80.2%). PubMed Deng X, Gao Q, Zhang L, Li Y. Neural underpinnings of the role of trait mindfulness in emotion regulation in adolescents. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(198411)40:6<1365::AID-JCLP2270400615>3.0.CO;2-D. 2012;85(3):26877. Pursuant to ethics approval, participants were provided with an information statement prior to their involvement informing them that completing and returning questionnaires indicated that they understood the nature of the research and freely consented to participate.
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