The molecular size of HBPs was estimated to be 6~14nm in diameter. }se8;*QhjOA|1N,4udi*[Z u!`a5 vqlMz@m_%4_5kk:XTV"XZRa{aKU 30953102, 2013. In this study, nanoscale hyperbranched polymers (HBPs) are synthesized as tougheners and incorporated into epoxy resin to improve the toughness and flexibility of epoxy resins. The double bond peak in methyl acrylate disappeared as the intermediate was formed during the synthesis. The processing of API data provides an effective tool for advance checks of air travellers. 4, pp. 3, pp. H. A. Essawy, H. A. Mohamed, and N. H. Elsayed, Upgrading the adhesion properties of a fast-curing epoxy using hydrophilic/hydrophobic hyperbranched poly(amidoamine)s, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. The strength of materials may be defined in many ways, and some of the most common . It is considered that the introduction of free voids presents in the HBP molecule and the free volume between the HBP molecules involved in the cured epoxy network leads to a reduction of the density of the cured epoxy matrix and alters the tensile strength of epoxy networks [27]. These block copolymers tend to be self-assembled to form certain nanostructures in the epoxy matrix during the cure process. Two different HBPs, hyperbranched poly(methylacrylate-diethanolamine) (poly(MA-DEA)) and poly(methylacrylate- ethanolamine) (poly(MA-EA)), were prepared and blended with both epoxy and polyetheramine, a curing agent. For HBP2, the OH stretching peak, present in the intermediate, disappeared after the polymerization was completed, indicating that a polymer does not have OH functional group at the polymer chain terminal. Two different HBPs, hyperbranched poly (methylacrylate-diethanolamine) (poly (MA-DEA)) and . If thats okay, click Accept all. To change your preferences, click Open cookie settings. You will find more information about cookies on our privacy policy page. Hyperbranched poly methylacrylate-diethanolamine (poly(MA-DEOA)) and poly methylacrylate-ethanolamine(poly(MA-EA)) were synthesized as toughening agent as well as flexibilizer. Thesematerial strength propertiesinvolve the gradual application of force until the material breaks or shows deformity. In addition, the higher impact strength of epoxy/HBP blends can be achieved by incorporating HBPs into epoxy, which can improve the impact resistance or crash resistance by more than 270% compared to cured neat epoxy, showing that epoxy/HBP-based structural adhesives can be used for bonding the multimaterials of automotive body structures. For cured neat epoxy (DGEBA), a narrow and distinct tan peak can be observed around 43.43C which indicates the Tg of cured DGEBA and gradual but steady decreases in Tg were observed for epoxy/HBP1 and epoxy/HBP2 blends. M. Larranaga, E. Serrano, M. D. Martin, A. Tercjack, and G. Kortaberria, Mechanical properties-morphology relationships in nano-/micro-structured epoxy matrices modified with PEO-PPO-PEO block copolymers, Polymer International, vol. 44, pp. All cured blends show one-step change in modulus and a peak in tan , representing no phase separation, as shown in Figure 3. The broadband in the region of 3380cm1 is assigned to the OH stretching of the ester bonds. 14541466, 2009. The molecular weight ranges from 1500(1.5K) to 7000(7.0K) g/mol. D. H. Zhang, E. B. Liang, T. C. Li et al., Environment-friendly synthesis and performance of a novel hyperbranched epoxy resin with a silicone skeleton, RSC Advances, vol. R. M. Hydro and R. A. Pearson, Epoxies toughened with triblock copolymers, Journal of Polymer Science, vol. Both HBP1 and HBP2 showed a tendency to increase the tensile strength of cured epoxy/HBP blends with increasing molecular weight of HBP. 3, no. For HBP1, a OH stretching peak was found after the polymerization was completed, indicating that a polymer chain with a hydroxyl group was terminated. (a) Tensile strength and (b) elongation of epoxy/HBP1 blends with different molecular weights and HBP loadings. After epoxy/HBP1 and epoxy/HBP2 blends were cured, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMA) was performed. Synthetic route of hyperbranched poly(MA-DEA) (HBP1). The impact strength of the materialisdetermined by the amount of energy needed to break or fracture the specimen[5]. Table S2: mechanical properties of epoxy/HBP2 blends; the information could be accessed in the supplementary material. In addition, since February 2018, the establishment of national API systems is an ICAO standard, making it mandatory for all Contracting States to the Chicago Convention. These authorities screen the passengers while in-flight for border migration management and law enforcement. As the molecular weight of HBP1 and HBP2 increases, the impact resistance also increases, as well. Consequently, narrow changes in Tg were observed for all epoxy/HBP blends. The C=O stretching and C-O stretching were observed at 1730 and 1035cm1, respectively. 5, pp. In contrast, impact strength involves the application of force in mere milliseconds or less. A sudden ocean wave or, strong seismic activity may hit the structure and. 33, no. InG.M. As little as 5% of PVC or PS in LDPE reduces the impact strength (toughness) of the latter by about 65%. 12, pp. Z. Zhong and Q. Guo, Miscibility and morphology of thermosetting polymer blends of novolac resin with poly(ethylene oxide), Polymer, vol. The Izod test, on the other hand, is used to testrelatively longermetalorplastic specimens with the notch facingtowardsa farming hammer [6]. Impact properties were measured according to ASTM D4812 using an Izod impact tester (NO258 PL-S Impact Tester, YASUDA SEIKI SEISAKUSHO). Afterward, both the load (stress) and the test piece extension (strain) are measured and from this data, and an engineering stress/strain curve is constructed. 44, no. In this study, nanosized hyperbranched polymers (HBPs) as a flexibilizer are synthesized and embedded into epoxy resin to enhance the toughness and flexibility. 24, pp. The tensile toughness of the blends increased with changing the molecular weight of HBPs without sacrificing tensile strengths. Park, Thermal properties and toughness performance of hyperbranched-polyimide-modified epoxy resins, Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics, vol. In fact, an. 639644, 1983. C. B. Bucknall, C. M. Gomez, and I. Quintard, Phase separation from solutions of poly(ether sulfone) in epoxy resins, Polymer, vol. 130, no. Therefore, the tensile strength of cured epoxy/HBP blends can be decreased by the addition of HBP above a certain concentration, but the tensile modulus of both epoxy/HBP1 and epoxy/HBP2 blends shows a tendency to decrease with increasing HBP amount. GuideByTips. Poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether)/epoxy resin, Polymer, vol. The authors declare no competing financial interests regarding the publication of this paper. 24, no. The material specimen is customised to take the shape of a bar with a smallV- or U-shapednotch in the middle. In this study, nanosized hyperbranched polymers (HBPs) as a flexibilizer are synthesized and embedded into epoxy resin to enhance the toughness and flexibility. Hydroxyl end groups are reported to be involved in crosslinking reactions of epoxy resins. These self-assembled nanostructures can improve the fracture toughness without affecting the Tg (glass transition temperature) and tensile strength of cured epoxy resins. Sue, Morphology and compression-after-impact strength relationship in interleaved toughened composites, Polymer Composites, vol. DMA measurements on cured epoxy/HBP blends were performed using Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analyzer (DMA, Q800) at a fixed frequency of 1Hz, in the range of -50 to 150C at a heating rate of 5C/min. 1, pp. In the EU, Council Directive 2004/82/EC on the obligation of carriers to communicate passenger data ('API Directive') regulates the collection and transmission of API data. In general, a consistent decrease in Tg is observed with increasing HBP content, which is evidence of increased residual compatibility of HBPs in cured epoxy, due to the following factors; first, the crosslink density decreases with increasing hyperbranched poly(amine ester) content, and second, the integrated hyperbranched poly(amine esters) reduces the stiffness of the formed network and allows chain movement at lower temperatures. Two step reactions were carried out to synthesize hyperbranched poly(MA-DEA); in the first step, 0.5mol of methylacrylate (MA) and diethanolamine (DEA) was added into methanol (100mL) and stirred for 48h, and in the second step, 0.25g of Zn(CH3CO2)2 was added into the solution, and the reaction was carried out at 60C for 1h, 100C for 2h, 120C for 2h, and 150C 2h, in a stepwise way, as shown in Scheme 1. and measure the energy needed to fracture it. Expected molecular diameter of (a) HBP1-3.0K and (b) HBP2-3.1K. DMA curves of (a) epoxy/HBP1-3.0K and (b) epoxy/HBP2-3.1K blends. involve the gradual application of force until the material breaks or shows deformity. Y. P. Zheng, Y. Zheng, and R. C. Ning, Effects of nanoparticles SiO2 on the performance of nanocomposites, Materials Letters, vol. O{Gl( 6, pp. More interestingly, in several reports, performances in toughness have been found in epoxy resins incorporated with hyperbranched polymers as a toughener [22]. 13501359, 2017. 10641073, 2013. We connect engineers, product designers and procurement teams with the best materials and suppliers for their job. In addition, the experimental studies showed that impact resistance also increased with an increase in molecular weight of HBPs. Toughened epoxy has been widely used in industrial areas such as automotive and electronics. Experimental studies show that the addition of a particular amount of nanoscale soft segment into the rigid epoxy resin changes the internal residual stress and enhances the strength. This results from their presence as separate phases in the polyolefin matrix which leads to rapid crack propagation on impact. 16351645, 2003. ),Mechanical Properties and Testing of Polymers. The impact strength of the blends with HBP1 and HBP2 increases stiffly until the loading percentage of both HBP1 and HBP2 in the blends reaches 10wt%. We also use them to provide you more relevant information and improve our platform and search tools. 25042511, 2006. 45054514, 2013. 14, pp. The near-instantaneous implementation of load causes the material to absorb the energy. The impact strength of the material, determined by the amount of energy needed to break or fracture the specimen, This kind of impact test issimilar tothe Charpy test in the sense that it also, pendulum arm to hit a custom-made specimen bar. Border checks for bona fide travellers are therefore expedited upon arrival, while more resources and time can be spent to identify travellers who need further attention. Results of the evaluation of the API Directive show the need to harmonize and clarify the way API data is collected throughout Europe; it also highlights the usefulness to combine API and PNR data in order to strengthen the reliability and effectiveness of PNR data as a law enforcement tool. 29402944, 2003. The effect of PP is very much less 10% of PP in LDPE reduced the energy absorbing capacity (toughness) of the . As a general observation, materials with high yield strength and low modulus of elasticity tend to exhibit high impact strength. 39, no. It may also be defined as the threshold of force per unitareabefore the material undergoes fracture[1]. 14701481, 2007. The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request. While the specimen is set horizontally in the Charpy impact test, the Izod testexamines a vertically positioned samplewith a V-Notch. The Charpy test examines metal specimens with the notch facing away from a striking ball peen hammer. For several decades, significant signs of progress have been developed to enhance both adhesion strength and impact resistance by incorporating micrometer sized liquid rubbers [5], core-shell rubber (CSR) particles [6], and thermoplastic particles [714]. Here are some materials and their respective impact strengths: Becauseimpact strength denotes a materials brittle-ductile transition[1], the parameter is significant for the following industries and applications: [1] Kluwer Academic Publishers. Consequently, API enables a risk-based data-driven approach to border security. The impact strength of the blends increases stiffly until the loading % of HBPs in the blends reaches 10wt%. L. J. Luo, Y. Meng, T. Qiu, and X. Y. Li, An epoxy-ended hyperbranched polymer as a new modifier for toughening and reinforcing in epoxy resin, Applied Polymer Science, vol. This research was funded by the Ministry of Trade, Industry, & Energy (K_G012001112402, the development of CDM (Controlled Delamination Materials) adhesives and dismantling process technology) and the Brain Korea 21 Plus Project. , the parameter is significant for the following industries and applications: Polymers and plastics generally exhibit higher impact strength than other hard materials. G. Levita, S. de Petris, A. Marchetti, and A. Lazzeri, Crosslink density and fracture toughness of epoxy resins, Journal of Materials Science, vol. In this case, it can be said that the impact strength of the material has been surpassed. APIS Pre-Departure Certified Vendor List: CBP has developed a list of carriers or vendors that have completed testing to process interactive APIS Pre-Departure data and that have . UNSW Sydney School of Materials Science and Engineering. Nanoscale hyperbranched polymers (HBPs) as flexibilizer of rigid epoxy improve both the toughness and elongation properties of epoxy/HBP blends without affecting the tensile strength of the blends. Matmatch uses cookies and similar technologies to improve your experience and measure your interactions with our website. (1999)Factors Affecting Impact Strength. Reiterated calls for an increased use of API from the UN and the commitment by OSCE participating states to set up API systems confirm the importance of these data. ),Handbook of Materials Selection. Other differences include the specimen size, notch facedirection, type of hammer, and type of tested material. 38283844, 1991. The main difference between the Izod test and the Charpy test is the, in the measuring equipment. 127, no. 4347, 1995. 4, pp. Retrieved from:HYPERLINK "http://polymerdatabase.com/polymer%20physics/ImpactTest.html"https://guidebytips.com/difference-between-izod-and-charpy-impact-test/, Polyethersulphone (PES) Granules (SU306311), Polyhydroxyalkaonate Biopolymer (PHA) Granule. Finally, the epoxy mixture was cured in the mold at 125C for 2h in an oven. 11671178, 1995. Block copolymer particles as tougheners have also attracted considerable attention [15, 16]. Retrieved from:https://www.nde-ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/Materials/Mechanical/ImpactToughness.htm, [5](n.d.)Charpy Impact Test. 9, pp. A general misconception is that materials with high impact strength also haveahigh degree of hardness; however, this isnt always the case. S. Li, C. Cui, and H. Hou, Synthesis and characterization of amino-terminated hyperbranched polymer and its effect on impact resistance of epoxy resin thermosets, Colloid & Polymer Science, vol. Impact strength also called impact toughness is the, amount of energy that a material can withstand when the said load is suddenly applied to it. F. L. Jin and S. J. 417424, 2009. The typical estimated molecular size of HBP1 and HBP2 is shown in Figure 2. Mechanical Properties and Testing of Polymers, http://polymerdatabase.com/polymer%20physics/ImpactTest.html, https://www.nde-ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/Materials/Mechanical/ImpactToughness.htm, UNSW Sydney School of Materials Science and Engineering, http://www.materials.unsw.edu.au/tutorials/online-tutorials/1-charpy-impact-test, Difference Between Izod and Charpy Impact Test, HYPERLINK "http://polymerdatabase.com/polymer%20physics/ImpactTest.html", https://guidebytips.com/difference-between-izod-and-charpy-impact-test/. 65, no. Swallowe(Ed. API (Advance Passenger Information) data is biographic information on passengers (as contained in travel documents) collected by air carriers during check-in and, complemented with travel route information, transmitted by these carriers to the border control authorities of the country of destination. The Izod test, on the other hand, is used to test, General Polyethylene, high density (PE-HD), impact strength denotes a materials brittle-ductile transition. Figure 7 shows the impact strengths of the cured epoxy/HBP blends, where the effects of HBP1 and HBP2 contents in the epoxy on the impact resistance are clearly seen. (Supplementary Materials). 33483356, 2006. Generally, strength denotes the amount of force a material can absorb, and toughness indicates the amount of energy a material can absorb before it bursts. Copyright 2021 Hangyu Park and Youngson Choe. API (Advance Passenger Information) data is biographic information on passengers (as contained in travel documents) collected by air carriers during check-in and, complemented with travel route information, transmitted by these carriers to the border control authorities of the country of destination. Most of the toughening materials except CSR particles are less effective at low temperatures. Toughened epoxy resins exhibit excellent mechanical properties and are widely used in high performance composites and structural adhesives [14]. 26, no. May, Epoxy Resins: Chemistry and Technology, Marcel Dekker, 1988. S. Kang, S. Hong, C. R. Choe, M. Park, S. Rim, and J. Kim, Preparation and characterization of epoxy composites filled with functionalized nanosilica particles obtained via sol-gel process, Polymer, vol. C. Bucknall and I. Partridge, Phase separation in epoxy resins containing polyethersulphone, Polymer, vol. To conduct the experiment, the pendulum arm is set at aparticular positioncorrespondent to an energy setting. Diglycidyl ether bisphenol-A (DGEBA) (EEW: 184-190, Kukdo Chemical) as an epoxy resin and polyetheramine (, Huntsman D-400) as a curing agent are used as obtained. However, the size of HBPs is nanoscale, which could lead to a limitation of the macroscale plasticization of the epoxy matrix. 2, pp. 6, pp. HBP1 and HBP2 over the reaction time obtained from ATR-IR spectra are shown in Figures 1(a) and 1(b). 3, no. The molecular size in diameter was adjusted to about 10nm by controlling the molecular weight of HBP1 or HBP2, respectively. Weather resistance of building structures: Materials used in bridges and buildings should have high impact resistance against weather and the elements. Because of these features, HBPs can be used for various applications in epoxy systems [17], such as coating materials [18, 19] and modifiers [20, 21]. Sue, Fracture behavior of core-shell rubber-modified clay-epoxy nanocomposites, Polymer Engineering and Science, vol. 45, pp. the impact strength isnt determined before construction. When an impact load exceeds the impact strength, the material may exhibit any of the following types of failures[3]: A materials impact strength or toughness may be measured throughany of the following tests: TheCharpy impact testmakes use of a pendulum arm attached to aprecalibratedenergy gauge[4]. ghXc4Z}l^/ E[pU+8V%VhoU;*bLy-1 RLR2 g(ftB*k|vd 5\l(g];|lF lY3rcE2)R,h Tensile toughness can be determined by integrating the area under the strain-stress curve. (2005)Impact Properties. Retrieved from:http://polymerdatabase.com/polymer%20physics/ImpactTest.html, [3] John Wiley & Sons. 2, no. The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) has reported 4.3 billion passengers globally carried by air transport on schedule services in 2018, a 6.1% increase over 2017. 40914130, 2015. Dynamic moduli and loss factors were determined. When the HBP contents increase above 10wt% for HBP1 and 5wt% for HBP2, the negative factors become determinants of the tensile strength. IR spectrum of (a) hyperbranched poly(MA-DEA) (HBP1) and (b) hyperbranched poly(MA-EA) (HBP2). The combined use of API and PNR data is believed to improve the data quality of the latter, limiting the number of false positives currently experienced by Passenger Information Units in the automated processing of PNR data and hence the amount of data that are subject to manual verification. 3, pp. For the blends loaded with 10wt% HBP1 and HBP2, the maximum impact strengths were 1320.73 and 1581.90J/m, respectively, showing that the impact resistance was improved by 276% and 331%, compared to that of cured neat epoxy. 353359, 1994. K. T. Gam, M. Miyamoto, R. Nishimura, and H. J. For HBP2, the highest value of 636.02kJ/m3 was observed by loading 5wt% of 2.7K HBP2. Knowing the impact strength of plastics allows manufacturers to classify the materials for specific purposes, such as polyamides and polyethylene. 517523, 1998. FT-IR analysis was carried out using a Spectrum GX instrument in a wavelength range of 4000-400cm-1 to identify the binding structures. S. Zulfiqar, I. Fatima, and M. I. Sarwar, Property profile of nanostructured blends of amine functionalized elastomer and epoxy, Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, vol. This kind of impact test issimilar tothe Charpy test in the sense that it alsousesahammer attached to apendulum arm to hit a custom-made specimen barand measure the energy needed to fracture it. 1, pp. 43494357, 1994. jEFJ6/):V :V@LxUN>Y!YQ=f;*['X nT8:*CiQuRH>r\ ./Rtek%jQ>8XVv9v)'h;FS=OB^ ^n "-BRso/WMA&,|\jMZ4! 26, pp. 191198, 2015. The molecular weight of HBPs ranges from 1500(1.5K) to 7000(7.0K) g/mol. Liquid-state 13C NMR was performed at a frequency of 500MHz in a FT-NMR Spectrometer (DA208) to confirm the C-bonding structures of the synthesized HBPs. The Charpy test examines metal specimens with the notch facing away from a striking ball peen hammer. (p.127-128). Polymer Properties Database. HBPs with various functional groups such as epoxide [20], carboxylic acid [23], hydroxyl [24], and amine can increase the toughness of epoxy resins [25]. 2022 Matmatch GmbH, All rights reserved. When the HBP content is increased to more than 10wt%, the steric hindrance effect of the HBP content becomes remarkable, and the hydrogen bonding is inhibited, which decreases the impact strength, as reported in the literature [2832]. R. W. Venderbosch, H. E. H. Meijer, and P. J. Lemstra, Processing of intractable polymers using reactive solvents: 1. Therefore, when the HBP content in the epoxy is relatively low (5wt% for HBP1, 3wt% for HBP2), a decrease in tensile strength due to negative factors is offset by an increase in positive factors. The tensile toughness of epoxy/HBP blends was measured by calculating the area under the stress-strain curve. Along with the tensile properties, the incorporation of nanosized flexible HBP into epoxy resin can lead to high elongation properties of epoxy/HBP blends. B. J. Derkowski and H.-J. 101, no. 879887, 2001. 9, pp. While the specimen is set horizontally in the Charpy impact test, the Izod test, , the pendulum hammer is made to strike the upper tip of the notched specimen, Other differences include the specimen size, notch face, direction, type of hammer, and type of tested material. The band emission around 1650cm1 indicates the presence of C=C bond. 707710, 2016. 13921403, 2007. Many of the research works have been conducted to overcome the low impact resistance and low toughness properties of epoxy resins. 10, pp. Impact strength also called impact toughness is theamount of energy that a material can withstand when the said load is suddenly applied to it. HBP1 can provide higher tensile toughness performance compared to HBP2 because HBP1 has reactive terminal groups that can strongly resist polymer chain bursting by reactions with epoxy groups. have an increased capability to absorb the excess energy and prevent rupture. 35, no. Y. Zhao, R. Huang, Z. Wu et al., Effect of free volume on cryogenic mechanical properties of epoxy resin reinforced by hyperbranched polymers, Materials & Design, vol. Toughened epoxy has been widely used in industrial areas such as automotive and electronics. The specimens used in the experiment were injection molded dumbbells, the length of the measuring section was 25mm, the width of the measuring section was 13.2mm, the thickness of the specimen was 3.54mm, and the crosshead speed was 50mm/min. This continuous growth requires therefore measures aiming at speeding up border checks while combatting irregular immigration and ensuring internal security, like the processing of Advance Passenger Information (API). The arm isreleasedand its, specimen. It also enables Member States to use the API data for law enforcement purposes. The main difference between the Izod test and the Charpy test is theorientation of the specimenin the measuring equipment. A general misconception is that materials with high impact strength also have, high degree of hardness; however, this isnt always the case. Moreover, many hydrogen bonds present in HBP1 will provide improvement in the tensile strength of the cured samples. : impact strength increases with increasing temperature, : increasing the thickness reduces impact strength, : a smaller notch tip radius lowers the impact strength, that dictate a materials impact resistance include morphology, , where a higher molecular weight enhances the materials impact resistance, When an impact load exceeds the impact strength, the material may exhibit any of the following types of failures, A materials impact strength or toughness may be measured through, makes use of a pendulum arm attached to a, ed to take the shape of a bar with a small, To conduct the experiment, the pendulum arm is set at aparticular positioncorrespondent to an energy setting. These HBPs can be used for high-performance structural adhesives especially for bonding hybrid materials that have different CTEs (coefficients of thermal expansion), because epoxy/HBP blends, that have high elongation properties, can adequately absorb CTE differences between two different materials during the thermal curing process of adhesives. New York, NY:John Wiley & Sons, [4](n.d.)Impact Toughness. Here, the pendulum hammer is made to strike the upper tip of the notched specimen[6]. The sample used for the measurement was rectangular and the size was 64x12.7x6.4mm. The Inception Impact Assessment published in June 2020 serves to inform stakeholders and citizens about the initiative. 158170, 2003. Dordrecht, The Netherlands:Kluwer Academic Publishers, [2](n.d.) Impact Testingand Ductile-Brittle Transition. 4, pp. D. H. Zhang and D. M. Jia, Toughness and strength improvement of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A by low viscosity liquid hyperbranched epoxy resin, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 2, pp. In this work, we investigated the effect of nanosized HBP particles, possessing hydroxyl or carbonyl end groups, on the toughness and flexibility of epoxy resins. 23482352, 1991. This is an open access article distributed under the. All mechanical properties of the epoxy/HBP1 and epoxy/HBP2 blends are listed in Table S1 and S2 included in the Supporting Information (SI). Privacy Impact Assessment for the Advance Passenger Information System (APIS): Voluntary Expansion DHS Reference No. 35, no. The ATR-IR spectrum shows the evidence for the synthesis of intermediates for hydroxy-terminated polyamine esters (HBP1) and methoxycarbonyl-terminated polyamine esters (HBP2). The tensile test was made by gripping the ends of a suitably prepared standardized test piece containing epoxy/HBP blends in a universal testing machine (UTM) and then applied a continually increasing uniaxial load until failure occurs. R. Thomas, D. Yumei, H. Yuelong et al., Miscibility, morphology, thermal, and mechanical properties of a DGEBA based epoxy resin toughened with a liquid rubber, Polymer, vol. 49, no. It is estimated that the global volume of air passengers grows at a rate between 5% and 7% every year and could reach 7.2 billion by 2036. From the 13C NMR-spectrum, the presence of expected atoms was confirmed: HBP1: 13C NMR (600MHz, CDCl3) (ppm): 69.36, 62.61, 59.71, 59.20, 56.76, 52.80, 50.97, 48.69, 44.93, 33.40, 32.49, and 30.66. Although, with a high amount of HBPs, the flexible polymer chains may decrease the macroscale stiffness of the epoxy matrix, leading to a weak tensile strength. HBPs are attracting attention as a polymer that has low viscosity, abundant functional groups, small chain entanglement, large free volume, high solubility, and easy synthesis. It may also be defined as the threshold of force per unit, trength of materials may be defined in many ways, and some of the most common parameters include. 43, no. Tensile properties of epoxy/HBP thermosets were measured at room temperature according to ASTM D638 using a universal tensile tester (Zwick/Roell Z010). Some of thefactors that affectimpact strengthinclude[1]: Meanwhile, otherintrinsic factorsthat dictate a materials impact resistance include morphology,in whichimpact resistanceisinversely proportionaltothe materials crystallinity and theamountof voids,and molecular weight, where a higher molecular weight enhances the materials impact resistance[2]. HBPs are highly effective polymer modifiers for thermosetting materials including epoxy resins, due to (1) their network with a spherical structure which can reduce the shrinkage of epoxy resins due to the extensible branching chains of HBPs; (2) their high density and versatile functional end groups such as hydroxyl, amine, epoxide, anhydride, carboxyl, and isocyanate groups, which can significantly improve the compatibility between HBPs and epoxy matrices; and (3) large free volumes in their networks, which can significantly improve the toughness of epoxy resins when HBPs are used as modifiers [26].