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Chemical effects include solubilization, depolymerization, and breaking of crosslinks between macromolecules. J Mater Sci Lett 5(1):7880, Kumar R, Hu F, Sannigrahi P, Jung S, Ragauskas AJ, Wyman CE (2013) Carbohydrate derived-pseudo-lignin can retard cellulose biological conversion. Can J Chem 42:24342439, Wang W, Chen X, Donohoe BS, Ciesielski PN, Katahira R, Kuhn EM, Kafle K, Lee CM, Park S, Kim SH, Tucker MP, Himmel ME, Johnson DK (2014) Effect of mechanical disruption on the effectiveness of three reactors used for dilute acid pretreatment of corn stover part 1: chemical and physical substrate analysis. In: Himmel ME, Baker JO, Overend RP (eds) ACS symposium series (Enzymatic conversion of biomass for fuels production), vol 566. pp 292324, Millett MA, Baker AJ, Satter LD (1976) Physical and chemical pretreatments for enhancing cellulose saccharification. 3 billion tons per year. The only drawback of using lignocellulosic biomass is its structure, which is highly resistant to biochemical hydrolysis. They all look very different, but all are composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and other minor compounds. Biotechnol Bioeng Symp 6:125153, Mohnen D, Bar-Peled M, Somerville C (2008) Cell wall polysaccharide synthesis. In this chapter, a brief introduction to the anatomy of the plant cell, cell wall, and the features that impact the biomass recalcitrance are presented. Bioresour Technol 102(16):75837590, Yu Q, Zhuang X, Yuan Z, Wang Q, Qi W, Wang W, Zhang Y, Xu J, Xu H (2010) Two-step liquid hot water pretreatment of Eucalyptus grandis to enhance sugar recovery and enzymatic digestibility of cellulose. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 57(58):121132, Jacobsen SE, Wyman CE (2000) Cellulose and hemicellulose hydrolysis models for application to current and novel pretreatment processes. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 8486:129139, Kim S, Holtzapple MT (2005) Lime pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of corn stover. Hydrolysis is the rate-limiting step in the AD, even for less complex substrates than lignocellulosic biomass. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 6365(1):319, Chang V, Kaar W, Burr B, Holtzapple M (2001a) Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of lime-treated biomass. 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These factors impact the production of bioenergy from these fluffy feedstocks. Chin Sci Bull 51(20):24322436, Lloyd TA, Wyman CE (2005) Combined sugar yields for dilute sulfuric acid pretreatment of corn stover followed by enzymatic hydrolysis of the remaining solids. Bioresour Technol 142:2631, Shen J, Wyman CE (2011) A novel mechanism and kinetic model to explain enhanced xylose yields from dilute sulfuric acid compared to hydrothermal pretreatment of corn stover. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 84(4):667676, Zhu JY, Pan X, Zalesny RS Jr (2010) Pretreatment of woody biomass for biofuel production: energy efficiency, technologies, and recalcitrance. Biomass Bioenergy 54:276283, Sjostrom E (ed) (1993) Wood chemistry, fundamentals and applications, 2nd edn. In: Concise encyclopedia of the structure of materials, 1st edn. Bioresour Technol 83(1):111, MathSciNet Heavy metal (i.e. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 38(2):355361, McCann MC, Carpita NC (2008) Designing the deconstruction of plant cell walls. Tappi J 46:381383, Shao Q, Cheng C, Ong RG, Zhu L, Zhao C (2013) Hydrogen peroxide presoaking of bamboo prior to AFEX pretreatment and impact on enzymatic conversion to fermentable sugars. Disaccharides are dimers of the monomers we just discussed and are shown below. In: Himmel ME, Baker JO, Overend RP (eds) Enzymatic conversion of biomass for fuels production, ACS symposium series, vol 566. CAB International, Oxford, pp 7392, Saeman JF (1945) Kinetics of wood saccharification: hydrolysis of cellulose and decomposition of sugars in dilute acid at high temperature. The products made and the eventual final processing also will be affected by pretreatment. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 87(3):847857, Zhu JY, Pan XJ (2010) Woody biomass pretreatment for cellulosic ethanol production: technology and energy consumption evaluation. In: Barton SD, Nakanishi K, Meth-Cohn O (eds) Comprehensive natural products chemistry. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 38(9):14671475, Caparrs S, Garrote G, Ariza J, Daz MJ, Lpez F (2007) Xylooligosaccharides production from Arundo donax. Relevance of Agro-and Forest-Industrial Waste Biorefineries are analogous to petroleum refineries, which produce multiple fuels and products from petroleum, but instead use biomass as raw materials. In this study, membrane biofilter was produced from banana stem. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 121124:10451054, Zu S, W-Z Li, Zhang M, Li Z, Wang Z, Jameel H, H-M Chang (2014) Pretreatment of corn stover for sugar production using dilute hydrochloric acid followed by lime. There are two different types of pretreatment. Low liquid to solid ratios and mild temperatures in the pre-treatment are interesting ways of reducing energy costs, subsequently economizing both steam and electricity. Lignocellulosic biomass consists of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, which have the potential to produce the so-called green chemicals. Biotechnol Lett 23(16):13271333, Chang V, Nagwani M, Holtzapple M (1998) Lime pretreatment of crop residues bagasse and wheat straw. Macroscopic, microscopic as well as sub-microscopic structure of the biomass alter after pretreatment. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2425(1):115126, Tosun A (1995) Dilute acid hydrolysis of sunflower residue (cellulosic wastes) prior to enzymatic hydrolysis. fractions in lignocellulosic biomass, thus making the carbohydrates in the heteromatrix more accessible while still maintaining the 2. Academia.edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user experience. The goal of this research is to improve the physical and thermochemical characteristics of biomass via torrefaction process. Bioresour Technol 100(1):1018, Hepworth DG, Vincent JF, Stringer G, Jeronimidis G (2002) Variations in the morphology of wood structure can explain why hardwood species of similar density have very different resistances to impact and compressive loading. Therefore, biomass pretreatment prior to anaerobic digestion is usually required to reduce structural and compositional impediments of lignocellulosic biomass and expose the polymer chains of cellulose and hemicellulose to microbial breakdown so as to increase the rate of biomass degradation and biogas yield. Bioresour Technol 101(13):49925002, Zhu Y, Lee YY, Elander RT (2004) Dilute-acid pretreatment of corn stover using a high-solids percolation reactor. This review also opens a new perspective to refocus the research towards the development of separation and purification methods as part of the integrated . Various pretreatment processes are primarily . Galactose is a sugar monomer in milk and yogurt. Lignocellulosic biomass is one of the most abundant organic resources worldwide and is a promising source of renewable energy and bioproducts. Biotechnol Bioeng 28(6):792801, Cahela DR, Lee YY, Chambers RP (1983) Modeling of percolation process in hemicellulose hydrolysis. Department of Chemical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran, 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland, Shafiei, M., Kumar, R., Karimi, K. (2015). Biotechnol Bioeng 85(4):413421, Dadi AP, Varanasi S, Schall CA (2006) Enhancement of cellulose saccharification kinetics using an ionic liquid pretreatment step. In: Sun RC, Fu SY (eds) Research progress in paper industry and biorefinery (4th ISETPP), vol 13. A high-efficiency pretreatment is determined by the following key factors (Kumar et al. Biotechnol Adv 29(6):675685, Aita GA, Salvi DA, Walker MS (2011) Enzyme hydrolysis and ethanol fermentation of dilute ammonia pretreated energy cane. Credit: Maltose Haworth: from Wikimedia Commons. The results showed that the sulfonated carbon catalyst had water content, volatile matter, ash content, fixed carbon, iodine adsorption as wel Py-GC/MS analysis of six different species of fast growing Macaranga wood has been studied. Biomass is a versatile energy resource that could be used as a sustainable energy resource in solid, liquid and gaseous form of energy sources. Results showed that torrefied pine has greater higher heating value and chemical exergy due to the reduction of O/C and H/C ratios. in this regard, the effectiveness of a pretreatment method depends on its ability to: (1) delignify the lcb without much alteration in the native lignin structure, (2) low energy consumption, (3) cost-effective operation, (4) reduce the crystallinity index of cellulose, (5) reduce the particle size of lcb in order to enhance the surface area for Torrefaction is an emerging thermal biomass pretreatment method that has an ability to reduce the major limitations of biomass such as heterogeneity, lower bulk density, lower energy density, hygroscopic behavior, and fibrous nature. During 1 hour torrefaction at 260C, moisture content was reduced by 70.5%, 49.4%, and 48.6% for wheat straw, rice straw, and cotton gin waste, respectively. Glucose is distinguished by its structure: five carbons in the ring with one oxygen; CH2OH attached to a carbon; and OH and H groups attached to the other carbons. The total pyrolysis yields of the six different species of Macaranga were mostly between 40 and 90% within the range of pyrolysis temperature applied. Bull Agr Chem Soc Jpn 20:17, Kohlmann KL, Sarikaya A, Westgate PJ, Weil J, Velayudhan A, Hendrickson R, Ladisch MR (1996) Enhanced enzyme activities on hydrated lignocellulosic substrates. "Cellulosic Biomass Could Help Meet California's Transportation Fuel Needs. Bioresour Technol 128:297304, Chiaramonti D, Prussi M, Ferrero S, Oriani L, Ottonello P, Torre P, Cherchi F (2012a) Review of pretreatment processes for lignocellulosic ethanol production, and development of an innovative method. Sugars are also called saccharides. The present review focuses on the recent progress related to the production of advanced bioethanol, (i) highlighting current results from using novel biomass sources such as the organic fraction of municipal solid waste and certain industrial residues (e.g., residues from the paper, food, and beverage industries); (ii) describing new developments in pretreatment technologies for the fractionation and conversion of lignocellulosic biomass, such as the bioextrusion process or the use of novel ionic liquids; (iii) listing the use of new enzyme catalysts and microbial strains during saccharification and fermentation processes. Methods of pretreatment The pretreatment of lignocellulosic feedstocks is an essential step and is required to alter the structure of bio- Biotechnol Prog 25(2):357364, Gupta R, Lee YY (2010) Investigation of biomass degradation mechanism in pretreatment of switchgrass by aqueous ammonia and sodium hydroxide. Environ Prog Sustain Energy 28(1):8999, Kalyon DM, Malik M (2007) An integrated approach for numerical analysis of coupled flow and heat transfer in co-rotating twin screw extruders. Rice straw showed the highest weight loss of 30.7% under the same torrefaction conditions.The second set of experiment showed that the torrefaction temperature have stronger effect compared with residence time. It is a dimer of glucose and fructose. Lignocellulosic residues generated by the agro-industry are available in large quantities at low cost. This is a sugar found in honey and fruits. In this sense, the inclusion of sustainability criteria on process design becomes necessary for defining a systematic methodology to select the most appropriate operations in the process stages to achieve a sustainable bioethanol production. Contribution of working group i to the 5th assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Valorization of lignocellulosic biomass and its components into value-added products maximizes the energy output and promotes the approach of lignocellulosic biorefinery. Bioresour Technol 98(13):25032510, Oliveira FMV, Pinheiro IO, Souto-Maior AM, Martin C, Gonalves AR, Rocha GJM (2013) Industrial-scale steam explosion pretreatment of sugarcane straw for enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose for production of second generation ethanol and value-added products. Furthermore, the most important parameters affecting the biofuel production are reviewed and some methods for their analysis are presented. Academic Press, Elsevier, UK, Amsterdam, Ju X, Engelhard M, Zhang X (2013) An advanced understanding of the specific effects of xylan and surface lignin contents on enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. 1): Pretreatment is the most costly step; however, the only process step more expensive than pretreatment is no pretreatment. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. The adopted technologies for the separation and conversion of these lignocellulosic wastes into synthesis intermediates or products of high added value represent an important part of the total production cost. Wiley, New York, pp 169200, Ramos LP, Breuil C, Saddler JN (1992) Comparison of steam pretreatment of eucalyptus, aspen, and spruce wood chips and their enzymic hydrolysis. https://www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook, Bradshaw TC, Alizadeh H, Teymouri F, Balan V, Dale BE (2007) Ammonia fiber expansion pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis on two different growth stages of reed canarygrass. Bioresour Technol 101(13):49144918, Shafiei M, Karimi K, Taherzadeh MJ (2011) Techno-economical study of ethanol and biogas from spruce wood by NMMO-pretreatment and rapid fermentation and digestion. pp 790793, Li Y, Ruan R, Chen PL, Liu Z, Pan X, Lin X, Mok CK, Yang T (2004) Enzymatic hydrolysis of corn stover pretreated by combined dilute alkaline treatment and homogenization. Ind Crop Prod 56:128136, Sun S-N, Cao X-F, Xu F, Sun R-C, Jones GL, Baird M (2014b) Structure and thermal property of alkaline hemicelluloses from steam exploded Phyllostachys pubescens. It performed well on most biomass materials. Wiley, UK, pp 2338, Diedericks D, van Rensburg E, Grgens JF (2013) Enhancing sugar recovery from sugarcane bagasse by kinetic analysis of a two-step dilute acid pretreatment process. Torrefaction upgrades biomass quality and alters the combustion behavior, which can be efficiently used in the co-firing power plant. However, the high cost of pretreatment is one of the major challenges hindering large -scale production of biofuels from these abundant, indigenously . Peer-review under responsibility of Scientific Committee of ICSEEA 2014, Torrefaction of Indonesian Sugar-cane Bagasse to Improve Bio-syngas Quality for Gasification Process, Hydrothermal carbonization and torrefaction of grape pomace: a comparative evaluation, Torrefaction Assessment and Kinetics of Deoiled Karanja Seed Cake, Effect of Torrefaction on Bio-oil Upgrading over HZSM-5. The accessibility of fermentable substrates to enzymes is a limiting factor for the efficient bioconversion of agricultural wastes in the context of sustainable development. Raw and torrefied materials were characterized for proximate and ultimate analyses, thermogravimetry, and pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). Appl Biochem Biotechnol 8486:537, Charlet K, Jernot JP, Eve S, Gomina M, Brard J (2010) Multi-scale morphological characterisation of flax: from the stem to the fibrils. Lignocellulosic biomass has been recognized as promising feedstock for biofuels production. Bioresour Technol 96(6):673686, Mosier NS, Hendrickson R, Brewer M, Ho N, Sedlak M, Dreshel R, Welch G, Dien BS, Aden A, Ladisch MR (2005c) Industrial scale-up of pH-controlled liquid hot water pretreatment of corn fiber for fuel ethanol production. Carbohydr Polym 48(3):319324, Bienkowski P, Ladisch MR, Voloch M, Tsao GT (1984) Acid hydrolysis of pretreated lignocellulose from corn residue. Lignocellulose-Based Bioproducts pp 85154Cite as, Part of the Biofuel and Biorefinery Technologies book series (BBT,volume 1). Appl Biochem Biotechnol 9193:8194, Kim SH, Lee CM, Kafle K (2013) Characterization of crystalline cellulose in biomass: basic principles, applications, and limitations of XRD, NMR, IR, Raman, and SFG. Wiley, New York, pp 489521, Yang B, Wyman CE (2004) Effect of xylan and lignin removal by batch and flowthrough pretreatment on the enzymatic digestibility of corn stover cellulose. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 74(3):135159, Chang V, Nagwani M, Kim C, Holtzapple M (2001b) Oxidative lime pretreatment of high-lignin biomass. Bioresour Technol 161:230235, Chen W-H, Pen B-L, Yu C-T, Hwang W-S (2011) Pretreatment efficiency and structural characterization of rice straw by an integrated process of dilute-acid and steam explosion for bioethanol production. Torrefaction temperature was varied from 200 to 300 C for 30 minutes using a batch spoon type reactor. o the various alkaline reagents used commonly for alkali pretreatment are the hydroxides of sodium, potassium, calcium and ammonium. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, Ochoa-Villarreal M, Aispuro-Hernndez E, Vargas-Arispuro I, Martnez-Tllez M (2012) Plant cell wall polymers: function, structure and biological activity of their derivatives, polymerization. In: Concise encyclopedia of the structure of materials, 1st edn. Appl Energ 102:163169, Shafizadeh F (1963) Acidic hydrolysis of glucosidic bonds. Taylor & Francis, Washington, DC, Wyman CE, Dale BE, Elander RT, Holtzapple M, Ladisch MR, Lee YY (2005) Coordinated development of leading biomass pretreatment technologies. Chicken feathers. Dilute acid treatment is considered as a cheap and effective pretreatment method due to low cost and easy availability of acids (Kim et al. Environ Sci Technol 48(13):72007203, Dale BE, Henk LL, Shiang M (1985) Fermentation of lignocellulosic materials treated by ammonia freeze explosion. Pretreatment of biomass under acidic conditions This process involves the treatment of lignocellulosic biomass with different acids such as sulfuric acid, oxalic acid, peracetic acid, respectively. The use of lignocellulosic materials for bioethanol production, such as agroindustry, forestry and municipal residues, wood or dendroenergetic species, has been proposed as a sustainable way for producing this biofuel. Biotechnol Bioeng 23:177199, Fan L, Lee Y, Gharpuray M (1982) The nature of lignocellulosics and their pretreatments for enzymatic hydrolysis. Bioresour Technol 102:91119120, Shimizu K (1988) Steam-explosion treatment of wood. Ind Eng Chem Res 31(4):11571161, Moniruzzaman M, Dale BE, Hespell RB, Bothast RJ (1997) Enzymatic hydrolysis of high-moisture corn fiber pretreated by AFEX and recovery and recycling of the enzyme complex. Biotechnol Bioeng 29(6):733741, Mosier N, Hendrickson R, Ho N, Sedlak M, Ladisch MR (2005a) Optimization of pH controlled liquid hot water pretreatment of corn stover. Biotechnol Prog 17(6):10491054, Fan L, Lee Y, Beardmore D (1980) Mechanism of the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose: effect of major structural features of cellulose on enzymatic hydrolysis. It basically consists of three fractions, cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin, which confer a recalcitrant structure. One of the most common disaccharides is sucrose, which is common table sugar and is shown in Figure 5.10a. Methods Mol Biol 581:6177, Ballesteros I, Oliva JM, Navarro AA, Gonzalez A, Carrasco J, Ballesteros M (2000) Effect of chip size on steam explosion pretreatment of softwood. J Agric Food Chem 55(14):55365543, Carr ME, Doane WM (1984) Modification of wheat straw in a high-shear mixer. Bioresour Technol 97(11):13371343, Cullis IF, Saddler JN, Mansfield SD (2004) Effect of initial moisture content and chip size on the bioconversion efficiency of softwood lignocellulosics. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. Bioresour Technol 74(1):1724, Palmqvist E, Hahn-Hgerdal B (2000b) Fermentation of lignocellulosic hydrolysates. Biotechnol Prog 26(6):16851694, Sierra R, Granda C, Holtzapple MT (2009) Short-term lime pretreatment of poplar wood. Second generation ethanol in Brazil: Can it compete with electricity production? J Exp Biol 202:32633268, Wan C, Zhou Y, Li Y (2011) Liquid hot water and alkaline pretreatment of soybean straw for improving cellulose digestibility. In: Wyman CE (ed) Aqueous pretreatment of plant biomass for biological and chemical conversion to fuels and chemicals. Dev Ind Microbiol 26:223233, Dale BE, Moreira MJ (1982) A freeze-explosion technique for increasing cellulose hydrolysis. In: Waldron K (ed) Advances in biorefineries. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 133(1):4157, Kim TH, Taylor F, Hicks KB (2008b) Bioethanol production from barley hull using SAA (soaking in aqueous ammonia) pretreatment. Advances in Chemistry Series, vol 181, Fengel D, Wegener G (1984) Wood: chemistry, ultrastructure, reactions. Process Biochem 17:3438, Ugarte DGDLT, English BC, Jensen K (2007) Sixty billion gallons by 2030: economic and agricultural impacts of ethanol and biodiesel expansion. Moreover, with the recent global concerns on climate change, developed technologies have been confronted with additional requirements to validate their sustainability. Bioresour Technol 155:3440, Zhao H, Baker GA, Cowins JV (2010) Fast enzymatic saccharification of switchgrass after pretreatment with ionic liquids. Bioresour Technol 99(13):56945702, Kim Y, Mosier NS, Ladisch MR, Pallapolu VR, Lee YY, Garlock R, Balan V, Dale BE, Donohoe BS, Vinzant TB, Elander RT, Falls M, Sierra R, Holtzapple MT, Shi J, Ebrik MA, Redmond T, Yang B, Wyman CE, Warner RE (2011) Comparative study on enzymatic digestibility of switchgrass varieties and harvests processed by leading pretreatment technologies. Enzyme Microb Tech 40(1):138144, Karimi K, Emtiazi G, Taherzadeh MJ (2006b) Production of ethanol and mycelial biomass from rice straw hemicellulose hydrolyzate by Mucor indicus. An ideal pretreatment protocol removes the need to reduce biomass particle size, prevents cellulose degradation and limits formation of microbial inhibitory compounds ( Arantes and Goodell, 2012; Mosier et al., 2005 ). Biomass Bioenergy 46:2535, Chum H, Johnson D, Black S, Overend R (1990) Pretreatment-catalyst effects and the combined severity parameter. Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol 23: 158183, Fengel D, Wegener G (1979) Hydrolysis of polysaccharides with trifluoroacetic acid and its application to rapid wood and pulp analysis. All these steps are resistant to microbial attack, so pretreatment methods are used to break it apart. Marzieh Shafiei . Appl Biochem Biotechnol 7072(1):99111, Weil J, Sarikaya A, Rau S-L, Goetz J, Ladisch C, Brewer M, Hendrickson R, Ladisch M (1997) Pretreatment of yellow poplar sawdust by pressure cooking in water. Ind Crop Prod 30(3):344350, James DM (1994) Pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass. Anim Feed Sci Technol 68(34):195211, Garlock RJ, Balan V, Dale BE, Ramesh Pallapolu V, Lee YY, Kim Y, Mosier NS, Ladisch MR, Holtzapple MT, Falls M, Sierra-Ramirez R, Shi J, Ebrik MA, Redmond T, Yang B, Wyman CE, Donohoe BS, Vinzant TB, Elander RT, Hames B, Thomas S, Warner RE (2011) Comparative material balances around pretreatment technologies for the conversion of switchgrass to soluble sugars. In: Olsson L (ed) Biofuels, vol 108., Advances in biochemical engineering/biotechnology. Bioresour Technol 102(3):29162924, Chen W-H, Tsai C-C, Lin C-F, Tsai P-Y, Hwang W-S (2013) Pilot-scale study on the acid-catalyzed steam explosion of rice straw using a continuous pretreatment system. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Zhang M, Chen G, Kumar R, Xu B (2013) Mapping out the structural changes of natural and pretreated plant cell wall surfaces by atomic force microscopy single molecular recognition imaging. Dilute acid hydrolysis has been successfully used for pretreatment of lignocellulosic materials. Biomass conversion to bioenergy products, Effect of pretreatment on the breakdown of lignocellulosic matrix in barley straw as feedstock for biofuel production, A Review on Biomass Densification for Energy Applications, SO2-catalyzed steam pretreatment enhances the strength and stability of softwood pellets, An experimental study to investigate the effect of torrefaction temperature on the kinetics of gas generation, Pre-processing of sugarcane bagasse for gasification in a downdraft biomass gasifier system: A comprehensive review, Proximate and Ultimate Compositional Changes in Corn Stover during Torrrefaction using Thermogravimetric Analyzer and Microwaves, Pelletizing properties of torrefied wheat straw, Enzyme technologies for the production of high-value polymers and chemicals from forest resources, Reprint of: Pelletizing properties of torrefied wheat straw, Future Perspectives of Biomass Torrefaction - Review of the Current State-Of-The-Art and Research Development.pdf, Feedstock Suitability for Thermochemical Processes, Some Chemical Compositional Changes in Miscanthus and White Oak Sawdust Samples during Torrefaction, Comparative Assessment of Wet Torrefaction, Impact of torrefaction on fuel property of tropical biomass feedstocks, Valorization of agroindustrial solid residues and residues from biofuel production chains by thermochemical conversion: a review, citing Brazil as a case study, Effect of Mechanical Fractionation on the Torrefaction of Grass, An Investigation of the Enhancement of Biogas Yields from Lignocellulosic Material using Two Pretreatment Methods: Microwave Irradiation and Steam Explosion, Torrefaction for entrained-flow gasification of biomass, Reusing, recycling and up-cycling of biomass: A review of practical and kinetic modelling approaches, Hydrothermal carbonization of yard waste for solid bio-fuel production: Study on combustion kinetic, energy properties, grindability and flowability of hydrochar, Modeling of Wheat Straw Torrefaction as a Preliminary Tool for Process Design, Alternative Technologies for Biofuels Production in Kraft Pulp MillsPotential and Prospects.
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