Both compress at the same rate and alternate their compressions; chest-abdomen-chest-abdomen and so on. Wang CH, Tsai MS, Chang WT, Huang CH, Ma MH, Chen WJ, Lee CC, et al. You may notice problems with @article{Babbs1993InterposedAC, title={Interposed abdominal compression-CPR: a case study in cardiac arrest research. This action is similar to that of an intra-aortic balloon pump. (Purdue News Service photo/ David Umberger) Conventional chest compression does not always lead to a perfusion pressure that is sufficient to maintain vital organ blood flow and does not always fully restore cardiac and brain function [47]. Table 2. Standard versus abdominal lifting and compression CPR. This study was conducted at the Hefei Second People's Hospital, Hefei, China, between 1 January 2020, and 31 December 2020. Panchal AR, Bartos JA, Cabanas JG, Donnino MW, Drennan IR, Hirsch KG, Berg KM, et al. In turn, positive thoracic and negative abdominal pressures prime the abdominal pump. As instructed, two members of the team performed AO-CPR (Figure 1 ). Before To represent chest compression. Figure 2. Figure 3. Contact Us, Hemodynamic Insights From a Spreadsheet Model, Correspondence to Charles F. Babbs, MD, PhD, Basic Medical Sciences, 1246 Lynn Hall, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1246. In summary, we conclude from our results that patients could benefit from the combination of conventional abdominal compressiondecompression and chest compression. Mechanical chest compression does not seem to improve outcome after out-of hospital cardiac arrest. The prognosis in the two groups was compared by classifying the CPC 1 or 2 patients as having a good neurological outcome and those patients with a CPC3 as having a poor neurological outcome. Emerg Med J. Register today for 30% off the regular rate and start your RECOVER CPR certification process by using the code washyourhands (Valid at least through April 2020) at https://recoverinitiative.org/veterinary-professionals/courses-and-education/cpr-bls-als-cert/, As we've conducted RECOVER CPR Certification sessions around the world, we realized that our online, https://youtu.be/-bf6RlNTT0o We had the pleasure of being interviewed by VECCS Presents at IVECCS 2017, giving, RECOVER Activity Around the Globe The RECOVER Initiative is a global effort in standardizing how, Advancing the Science of Veterinary Resuscitation, Copyright RECOVER 2019. A new device producing manual sternal compression with thoracic constraint for cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Our hospital health service manages out-of-hospital health emergencies in Hefei city and rescues more than 350 patients who experience OCHA each year. The patient selection and reasons for exclusion are shown in Fig. Comparison of the pressure waveforms in Figure 4a and 4b shows the mechanism of +110 mm Hg interposed abdominal compression CPR. The CPC scale categorizes neurological outcomes as follows: CPC 1, good performance; CPC 2, moderate disability; CPC 3, severe disability; CPC 4, comatose or persistent vegetative status; and CPC 5, brain death or patient death [13]. A comparison of standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation and active compressiondecompression resuscitation for out-of-hospital cardiac arrestFrench active compressiondecompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation study group. There are major problems . The CO-CPR method requires an additional rescuer and STD-CPR does not. Local Info Abstract Introduction This study was designed to compare the outcomes of standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation (STD-CPR) and combined chest compression and abdominal compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CO-CPR) with a new device following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). Active compressiondecompression: a new method of cardiopulmonary resuscitationcardiopulmonary resuscitation working group. The second system, which performed advanced life support, consists of one senior emergency physician, six junior emergency physicians, a head nurse, and several registered nurses from the emergency intensive care unit (EICU). organization. D. Attach the AED pads to the child's chest and read the analysis. Total forward flow is 3.1 L/min2.5 times that of standard CPR. 7272 Greenville Ave. Detailed pressures of known CPR modalities in a mathematical model. BackgroundThis study was done to elucidate mechanisms by which newer cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) techniques, including interposed abdominal compression (IAC), active compression-decompression (ACD), and Lifestick CPR, augment systemic perfusion pressure and forward flow and to compare the 3 techniques in the same test system. Registered 30 July 2021- Retrospectively registered. A total of 297 consecutive patients with OHCA were initially screened, and 278 were randomized to the STD-CPR group (n=135) or the CO-CPR group (n=143). 3). The Lifestick is a 2-handled device that is able to apply IAC and ACD-CPR simultaneously by alternately compressing and decompressing the chest and the abdomen through adhesive pads. Nominal Normal Values of Model Parameters, https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.100.21.2146, National Center a, Standard CPR; b, IAC-CPR; c, ACD-CPR; and d, 4-phase Lifestick CPR. Mathematical models also allow exact control of the dominant hemodynamic mechanism of CPR (thoracic pump in large subjects versus cardiac pump in small subjects).22 This approach facilitates quantitative comparison of various resuscitation techniques in exactly the same test system. A total of 297 consecutive patients with OHCA were initially screened, and 278 were randomized to the STD-CPR group (n=135) or the CO-CPR group (n=143). 2016;2016:9416908. doi: 10.1155/2016/9416908. Several studies have shown that the abdominal compressiondecompression technique is associated with increased coronary perfusion pressure and cerebral blood flow, which can lead to improved survival [811]. A significant advantage in using the new device for the combination of conventional chest compression and abdominal compressiondecompression was that the instrument is small, lightweight, and easy to operate and could be suitable for hospital and nonhospital use in a variety of settings, including medical, sanitation, ambulance, rescue, and health care institutions at all levels inside and outside of the hospital. Standard spreadsheet programs, such as Microsoft Excel, are ideal for implementing numerical integration of Equations 1 through 7 to obtain pressures in all 7 compartments as a function of time. Improved pump filling, in turn, leads to higher stroke output, systemic perfusion pressure, and systemic blood flow. The apparent benefit of ACD-CPR is especially model-dependent and may be greater in small-animal models, such as beagles, which permit more cardiac compression, than in larger-animal models, including humans. Beginning, for example, with the abdominal aorta. After turning on the device, negative pressure was generated, which caused a tight bond between these compression plates and the patient's abdomen. We referred to another similar study at the time of the sample size estimation for this study [12]. The exclusion criteria were patients aged 80years or older or patients with any contraindications for the abdominal compressiondecompression technique, including pregnancy, history of recent thoracic or abdominal trauma/surgery, known terminal or end-stage disease, or severe neurologic impairment. They are not recommended for infants, pregnant patients, or unconscious patients. Epub 2016 Nov 1. Figure 5. It offers a convenient and low-cost way to compare various CPR adjuncts in exactly the same test system, eliminating the need to extrapolate published results from one animal or clinical model to another. Figure 2. The present results in an independent mathematical model confirm that the positive findings in animal studies and most clinical studies are valid and are based on the fundamental anatomy and physiology of the circulatory system. All members were trained to perform two CPR methods according to the American Heart Association guidelines. In patients who received IACCPR, abdominal compression was performed with open hands, fused together in center of abdomen between the xiphoid and the umbilicus during the relaxation phase of chest compression. Rc, Ra, Rj, and Rv are small and represent in-line resistances of the great vessels. Phased chest and abdominal compressiondecompression versus conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Methods and ResultsMathematical models describing hemodynamics of the adult human circulation during cardiac arrest and CPR were created and exercised by use of spreadsheet software. A blinded assessor evaluated the patients neurological prognosis. 5 to 1 B. These include varying patient populations, downtime, drug therapy, central venous pressure, peripheral vascular resistance, underlying disease, chest configuration, and body size, as well as varying rescuer size, skill, strength, consistency, prior training, and bias. 7272 Greenville Ave. the display of certain parts of an article in other eReaders. Standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation (STD-CPR), consisting of chest compression and artificial ventilation, is considered the standard treatment for OHCA [13]. Geddes LA, Rundell A, Lottes A, Kemeny A, Otlewski M. A new cardiopulmonary resuscitation method using only rhythmic abdominal compression: a preliminary report. Driving pressure waveforms for phased chest and abdominal compression and decompression. use prohibited. Accurate simulation of Lifestick CPR is difficult, because actual values of negative intra-abdominal pressure have not yet been reported. Mechanical chest compressions and simultaneous defibrillation vs conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. The abdominal aortic pressure waveform (crosses in figure) leads the thoracic aortic pressure waveform (squares) during the onset and peak of IAC, indicating retrograde flow in the aorta. Applying these basic concepts with reference to Figure 2 provides a set of governing finite-difference equations that can be used to describe hemodynamics. In Figure 5, mean systemic perfusion pressure is plotted as a function of the thoracic pump factor for 4 possible CPR techniques: standard, IAC, ACD, and 4-phase Lifestick CPR. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) and GraphPad Prism 8.0 (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, California, USA). Li M, Song W, Ouyang YH, Wu DH, Zhang J, Wang LX, Li J. We are experimenting with display styles that make it easier to read articles in PMC. Interposed abdominal compression (IAC)-CPR is a three-rescuer technique (an abdominal compressor plus the chest compressor and the rescuer providing ventilations) that includes conventional chest compressions combined with alternating abdominal compressions [ 6 ]. Read online. CPR techniques that combine chest and abdominal compression and decompression: hemodynamic insights from a spreadsheet model. In principle, CPR attempts were performed according to current American Heart Association guidelines [1]. The ePub format is best viewed in the iBooks reader. Recently, we introduced a new CPR method that utilizes only rhythmic abdominal compressions (OAC-CPR). In otherwise identical models, IAC-CPR generates 2.4 L/min and 45 mm Hg; ACD-CPR, 1.6 L/min and 30 mm Hg; and Lifestick CPR, which combines IAC and ACD, 3.1 L/min and 58 mm Hg. Dallas, TX 75231 The present mathematical model provides an independent test confirming the efficacy of adjunctive diastolic-phase maneuvers to augment perfusion during CPR. Study of the pressure waveforms in Figure 4d reveals that in 4-phase CPR, negative inferior vena cava pressure draws blood out of the chest from 0 to 0.3 second into the cycle, widening the systemic perfusion pressure. This trial is a single-centre, prospective, randomized trial in which chest compression CPR after OHCA will be compared with a method that combines chest compression and abdominal compressiondecompression CPR. This pump may be configured to function either as a heartlike cardiac pump, in which applied pressure squeezes blood from the heart itself through the aortic valve, or as a global thoracic pressure pump, in which applied pressure squeezes blood from the pulmonary vascular bed through the left heart and into the periphery.232425, Conductance pathways with nonzero resistances, R, connect the elastic compartments. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2008.08.008. This work was supported by the Applied Medicine Program Foundation of Hefei Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. 2009 Jan;8(1):148-51. doi: 10.1510/icvts.2008.195974. Recently, we introduced a new CPR method that utilizes only rhythmic abdominal compressions (OAC-CPR). When we performed compression, the compression force was approximately 186mmHg when the indicator light was on. C The training of emergency physicians. To simulate a resuscitation, one can create a spreadsheet in which pressures in each compartment at any point in time are computed from the pressures at the preceding time point and the corresponding Psthat is. Variables are defined in Table 1. 2. Two mechanical techniques have emerged from animal and clinical studies as potentially effective means of augmenting perfusion during external cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Numbers from the table were assigned on a unified basis by the professional. For years, clinicians have pondered how to increase or maintain vital organ blood flow during CPR. Conclusions: }, author={Mary Beth Howard and C Carrubba and F. A. Foss and Bruce David Janiak and . The present results in an independent mathematical model confirm that the positive findings in animal studies and most clinical studies are valid and are based on the fundamental anatomy and physiology of the circulatory system. The results confirm that compression and decompression of either the chest or the abdomen can move blood in cardiac arrest. A single center observational trial. Pchest and Pabd represent driving intrathoracic and intraabdominal pressures applied to outer surfaces of blood vessels in the chest and abdomen of the model. In 4-phase Lifestick CPR, these effects are combined so that negative thoracic and positive abdominal pressures prime the chest pump. It includes all elements of standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation, thereby serving as an adjunct to traditional resuscitation. BackgroundThis study was done to elucidate mechanisms by which newer cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) techniques, including interposed abdominal compression (IAC), active compression-decompression (ACD), and Lifestick CPR, augment systemic perfusion pressure and forward flow and to compare the 3 techniques in the same test system. In addition, we also performed the KaplanMeier analysis with a log-rank test at the end of the follow-up period to compare the survival curves of the two groups. The KaplanMeier curves showed a survival benefit favouring the CO-CPR group when compared to the STD-CPR group at the end of the follow-up period (log-rank P=0.007, Fig. 2014 May;31(5):394-400. doi: 10.1136/emermed-2012-202326. Abdominal thrusts should be used when the victim is choking but still conscious. The patients were followed up by a blinded assessor every 1 to 3months after discharge from the hospital, and the endpoint of the follow-up was the date of death or July 30, 2021. SPP=PAoPRH is mean systemic perfusion pressure in mm Hg. The instrument, produced by Beijing Germari Medical Equipment Co., Ltd., consisted of three components: a display panel, pressure application handles, and a negative pressure device. A new cardiopulmonary resuscitation method using only rhythmic abdominal compression: a preliminary report. Neurological outcomes were assessed by the Cerebral Performance Category (CPC) scale. Our CPR team consists of two systems. In IAC-CPR, the chest pump is primed by positive pressure in the abdomen during thoracic recoil. In Figure 4, the peak positive abdominal pressure for IAC-CPR is 110 mm Hg, and the maximal negative intrathoracic pressure for ACD-CPR is 20 mm Hg, approximating published values for the 2 techniques.1232333435 In this model, the thoracic pump factor is 0.75 to simulate an adult patient in whom the thoracic pump mechanism is dominant but there is some degree of selective cardiac compression.25 The parameters in Table 2 were used for this and all subsequent simulations, unless explicitly stated otherwise. government site. Interposed abdominal compression (IAC) - CPR includes all the steps of ordinary CPR with the addition of external mid-abdominal compressions by a second or third rescuer, timed between chest compressions. When applied to the victim, the device is used to perform chest, or chest and abdominal compression cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Cough-induced cardiac compression self-administered from of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Cardiac arrest is a severe, life-threatening condition and remains a leading cause of out-of-hospital death worldwide. Haemodynamics of cardiac arrest and resuscitation. The effects on systemic perfusion pressure of IAC and ACD are similar to those reported for studies in experimental animals and in human patients.13236373839 Compared with standard CPR, 110 mm Hg IAC produced an 85% increase in total flow. Trial registration Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, registered number: ChiCTR2100049581. A, B The abdominal compressiondecompression device. Both methods improve hemodynamics in animal studies of electrically induced ventricular fibrillation.910 Both improve CO2 excretion as a measure of effective systemic perfusion in human resuscitation.41112 Three randomized clinical trials of IAC-CPR compared with standard CPR21113 have found statistically significant benefit, and 1 early trial found no difference.14 Four randomized clinical trials of ACD-CPR have found improved outcome,561516 and 4 other trials have found no difference.17181920 Most recently, Lifestick CPR21 has become the subject of active research. Mathematical models also allow exact control of the dominant hemodynamic mechanism of CPR (thoracic pump in large subjects versus cardiac pump in small subjects).22 This approach facilitates quantitative comparison of various resuscitation techniques in exactly the same test system. Literature study and analysis of effectiveness]. Importantly, the positive effects of IAC-CPR, ACD-CPR, and 4-phase Lifestick CPR can be predicted from fundamental principles of cardiovascular physiologythe definition of compliance and Ohms law. Such a model is independent of the many confounding factors present in laboratory studies and in clinical trials. To represent chest compression. Using a mathematical model of CPR hemodynamics, the nomenclature for which is given in Table 1, the author has explored the possibility that IAC, ACD-CPR, and Lifestick CPR work by similar mechanisms. In comparison, the abdominal compressiondecompression technique is based on an "abdominal pump" model, which induces pressure changes within the abdominal cavity and promotes the return of blood from the abdominal cavity to fill the heart and be eventually pumped to the brain [18, 19]. Careers. Nine patients (6.7%) in the CO-CPR group and 2 patients (1.4%) in the STD-CPR group achieved good neurological outcomes according to their CPC status (P=0.003). Positive inferior vena cava pressure from 0.33 to 0.67 second promotes excellent pump filling. Comparison of CPR outcome predictors between rhythmic abdominal compression and continuous chest compression CPR techniques. Cardiac output is increased from 1.3 to 1.6 L/min, and mean systemic perfusion pressure is increased from 25 to 30 mm Hg compared with standard CPR. The abdominal aortic pressure waveform (crosses in figure) leads the thoracic aortic pressure waveform (squares) during the onset and peak of IAC, indicating retrograde flow in the aorta. A p value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Customer Service HL: Conceptualization, methodology, funding acquisition. Finally. Figure 1. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology (ATVB), Journal of the American Heart Association (JAHA), Stroke: Vascular and Interventional Neurology, Customer Service and Ordering Information, November 8, 2022: Vol. Figure 4a illustrates steady-state pressures generated by standard CPR. Faster pump filling is caused by larger pressure gradients across the input valve from times 0.54 to 0.67 second of the cycle. This effect might well explain the generally more dramatic and favorable results with ACD in animal models compared with the overall mixed results observed in humans.8. The definition of compliance is C=V/P, where C is compliance and P is the incremental change in pressure within a compartment as volume V is introduced. Plaisance P, Lurie KG, Vicaut E, Adnet F, Petit JL, Epain D, Payen D, et al. Hwk2021yb011) and the Science and Technology Program of Anhui Medical University (No. Pchest and Pabd represent driving intrathoracic and intraabdominal pressures applied to outer surfaces of blood vessels in the chest and abdomen of the model. The anesthesiologist recommended AO-CPR with manual mid-abdominal compressions 1 to 2 inches left of midline (left paramedian) at a rate of 80 beats/min with maximal force while the surgeon cannulated the groin to provide long-term mechanical support in the form of ECMO. Abdominal thrusts can be performed on children over 1 year old and adults, but note that the technique . Images of the device are shown in Fig. Patent number ZL2009 2 01060376.3, ZL2009 2 00375.9, ZL2009 2 0164343.6), which has been described previously [11] . Faster pump emptying is caused by the Starling characteristic of the pump associated with greater filling and, in turn, larger pressure gradients across the aortic valve during ejection. Augmented CPR techniques work by enhanced priming of either chest or abdominal pump mechanisms. In Figure 5, mean systemic perfusion pressure is plotted as a function of the thoracic pump factor for 4 possible CPR techniques: standard, IAC, ACD, and 4-phase Lifestick CPR. 9. SZ: blinding and allocation. PASS 15 software was used to calculate the sample size (NCSS, LLC., Kaysville, Utah, USA). Thoracic pump factor is 0.75. 1Department of Emergency, The Second Peoples Hospital of Hefei, The Affiliated Hefei Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China, 3Department of Nursing, The Second Peoples Hospital of Hefei, Hefei, China, 4Department of Emergency Intensive Care Unit, The Second Peoples Hospital of Hefei, Hefei, China, The abdominal compressiondecompression device and its use. Analysis of pressure waveforms suggests that these techniques function primarily by pump priming. Thus, OAC-CPR ventilates a subject, eliminating the need for mouth-to-mouth breathing, and effectively circulates blood during VF without breaking ribs. By continuing to browse this site you are agreeing to our use of cookies. Geddes has developed the new method, called "only rhythmic abdominal compression," or OAC-CPR, which works by pushing on the abdomen instead of the chest. American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Another limitation of the study may be the relatively small number of subjects. However, the device in our study was smaller in volume, more straightforward in operation, and more accurate in terms of the operating parameters. During ACD-CPR, positive and negative pressures are applied alternately to the chest by means of a plunger that forms a seal with the anterior chest wall. Ri and Ro are the small input and output resistances of the chest pump in series with the aortic and pulmonic valves. Maximal compression or decompression pressures are those listed in Table 2. Augmented CPR techniques work by enhanced priming of either chest or abdominal pump mechanisms. Abdominal compressiondecompression can change the amplitude of diaphragm motion, which plays a role in the cardiac pump, thoracic pump, and lung pump and enhances blood flow to provide sufficient oxygen to vital organs. With this combination method, chest release during abdominal compression leads to increased venous return to the thorax by negative intrathoracic pressure. An official website of the United States government. and transmitted securely. The American Heart Association is qualified 501(c)(3) tax-exempt Abdominal compressiondecompression training was performed under the supervision of the manufacturers monitoring staff. The study was performed at a single centre. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13049-022-01036-y. Systemic perfusion pressure achievable with IAC alone is approximately double that of standard CPR. The study had 80% power to find a significant result with a threshold two-sided p value of 0.05 if the expected proportion of ROSC was approximately 20%. Depth, rhythm, and rate of abdominal compressions were similar to chest compressions and force on the abdomen was maintained until . Could we use abdominal compressions rather than chest compression in patients who arrest after cardiac surgery? CPR Cycles Episode 1: Interposed Abdominal Compressions - RECOVER Initiative As we've conducted RECOVER CPR Certification sessions around the world, we realized that our online courses were very good at emphasizing major concepts and key points to performing evidence-based CPR, while there are more topics we could discuss or explain further. Total forward flow is 3.1 L/min2.5 times that of standard CPR. Criley JM, Blaufuss AH, Kissel GL. Anaesthesist. During ACD-CPR, positive and negative pressures are applied alternately to the chest by means of a "plunger" that forms a seal with the anterior chest wall. Contact Us, Hemodynamic Insights From a Spreadsheet Model, Correspondence to Charles F. Babbs, MD, PhD, Basic Medical Sciences, 1246 Lynn Hall, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1246. Volume 16, Issue 5, September 2015. Improved perfusion during IAC-CPR may not necessarily lead to better long-term survival, especially when the underlying rhythm is asystole or electromechanical dissociation.13 For the fraction of cardiac arrest victims who can be saved, however, these techniques, performed by trained healthcare providers, are valid and practical alternatives to standard CPR and have a rational place in resuscitation protocols of the 21st century. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology (ATVB), Journal of the American Heart Association (JAHA), Stroke: Vascular and Interventional Neurology, Customer Service and Ordering Information, November 8, 2022: Vol. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 1-800-AHA-USA-1 FC: supervision, data curation. reported that the Lifestick device could perform both abdominal compressiondecompression and chest compression, improve the results of CPR, and reduce the rate of injury compared to conventional resuscitation [10]. 146, Issue Suppl_1, Basic, Translational, and Clinical Research, Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, Advances in Service and Industrial Robotics, The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing, Encyclopedia of Forensic and Legal Medicine, 2013 3rd International Conference on Computer Science and Network Technology (ICCSNT), 2011 33rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 2010 4th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering (iCBBE 2010), 7th Asian-Pacific Conference on Medical and Biological Engineering, 2008 2nd International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering (ICBBE '08), Mathematical Models and Methods in Applied Sciences, Nonlinear Analysis: Theory, Methods & Applications, Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America, CPR Techniques That Combine Chest and Abdominal Compression and Decompression, Mathematical model of modified hybrid pump mechanism for cardiopulmonary resuscitation, Vallecular cyst with coexisting laryngomalacia: Successful diagnosis and laser therapy by flexible endoscopy with a novel noninvasive ventilation support in infants, Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Devices: Preliminary Analysis, Automatic and manual devices for cardiopulmonary resuscitation: A review, Clinical evaluation of active abdominal lifting and compression CPR in patients with cardiac arrest, Closed-loop controller for chest compressions based on coronary perfusion pressure: a computer simulation study, Deaths: Resuscitation Related Injuries Pathology, Combination of chest compressions and interposed abdominal compressions in a swine model of ventricular fibrillation, Developing a kinematic understanding of chest compressions: the impact of depth and release time on blood flow during cardiopulmonary resuscitation, A mechanical chest compressor closed-loop controller with an effective trade-off between blood flow improvement and ribs fracture reduction, Validating lower extremity counterpulsation during CPR by computer simulated evolution, Improvement of cardiopulmonary resuscitation by bending and pressing the lower extremities, Mechanical Devices for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation, An optimal closed-loop control strategy for mechanical chest compression devices: A trade-off between the risk of chest injury and the benefit of enhanced blood flow, Optimal cardiopulmonary resuscitation technique depending on body size, Comparison of Experimental Chest Compression Data to a Theoretical Model for the Mechanics of Constant Peak Displacement Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation, Development of a patient simulator for teaching and evaluation of the basic cardio-pulmonary reanimation protocol, Computer Simulations of Hemodynamic Effects of EECP During AEI-CPR, Neonatal CPR: Room at the topA mathematical study of optimal chest compression frequency versus body size, The ups and downs of a good idea: Phased chest and abdominal compressiondecompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation in cardiac arrest*, Scientific Justification of Cryonics Practice, Safety, feasibility, and hemodynamic and blood flow effects of active compressiondecompression of thorax and abdomen in patients with cardiac arrest*, The Computer Model in View of Hemodynamic Effects of Electro Ventilation Double Pump CPR, The Hemodynamic Effects Analysis of the New CPR Technique-Electro Ventilation Double Pump CPR: Studies in the Computer Model, Predicting neurological outcome following cardiac arrest, Optimal Strategy for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation with Continuous Chest Compression, Biophysics of cardiopulmonary resuscitation with periodic z-axis acceleration or abdominal compression at aortic resonant frequencies, Design of near-optimal waveforms for chest and abdominal compression and decompression in CPR using computer-simulated evolution, Vitreous haemorrhage following cardiopulmonary resuscitation, OPTIMAL CONTROL THEORY APPLIED TO A DIFFERENCE EQUATION MODEL FOR CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION, Effects of an impedance threshold valve upon hemodynamics in Standard CPR: Studies in a refined computational model, Relative effectiveness of interposed abdominal compression CPR: Sensitivity analysis and recommended compression rates, New devices for generating blood flow during cardiopulmonary resuscitation, Optimum cardiopulmonary resuscitation for basic and advanced life support: a simulation study, Interposed abdominal compression CPR: a comprehensive evidence based review, Mechanical devices for cardiopulmonary resuscitation: an update, Does the compression to ventilation ratio affect the quality of CPR: a simulation study, Optimum compression to ventilation ratios in CPR under realistic, practical conditions: a physiological and mathematical analysis, Circulatory adjuncts: Newer methods of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, Mechanical advances in cardiopulmonary resuscitation, Efficacy of interposed abdominal compression-cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), active compression and decompression-CPR, and Lifestick CPR: Basic physiology in a spreadsheet model, Part 6: Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support, Standard CPR versus interposed abdominal compression CPR in shunted single ventricle patients: comparison using a lumped parameter mathematical model, Subtle Paranodal Injury Slows Impulse Conduction in a Mathematical Model of Myelinated Axons, Global Impact of the 2017 ACC/AHA Hypertension Guidelines, Portal and systemic veins at level of diaphragm, Flow or current between compartments, L/s or L/min, Instantaneous pressure in a compartment, mm Hg, Pressure increment, mm Hg, during time t, Angular frequency for sine function, radians/s, Copyright 1999 by American Heart Association.
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