Sodium boric acid: a Tris-free, cooler conductive medium for DNA electrophoresis. Li, Z. et al. Results showed that both the general corrosion and localized corrosion were considerably promoted by SRB under deposit. The betaproteobacteria were the most dominant bacterial class in all samples where carbon steel was present, whereas in groundwater incubated without carbon steel the microbial community had clearly less diversity. In addition, the concentration of sulfur was higher on the 8M-RT-coupons compared to the 8M-6C-coupons (8.2 w-% and 0.5 w-%, respectively). 145, 151161 (2018). Enning, D. Skovhus, T. S. Lee, J. S.) 5974 (CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2017). J. Bacteriol. Triple-action self-healing protective coatings based on shape memory polymers containing dual-function microspheres. Subsequently, taxonomy was assigned to each amplicon sequence variant (ASV) using the q2featureclassifier plugin86 and q2-classify-consensus-blast plugin87. Xu, J., Tang, Y. Ecol. Moreover, several Pseudomonas species are naturally resistant to a variety of antimicrobial substances55,56,57, which help explain its dominance in the corroded seal rings despite the biocide treatment applied to the seawater. Scientific Reports (Sci Rep) Corros. Alignment gaps were treated as missing data. The planktonic and biofilm SRB communities were similar but were affected by temperature. 1f), the particles were observed to have rhombohedral or trigonal structures, which were stacked on top of each other to form dense mineral-like layers. for corrosion of steel in concrete to occur, the following conditions must all be satisfied: (a) the provision of an anode-cathode couple with at least part of the steel acting as an anode, (b) the maintenance of an electrical circuit (free-flowing ions), (c) the presence of moisture, and (d) the presence of oxygen ( gnzalez fernndez and The corrosion rate of carbon steel in deep groundwater is typically low, unless the water is very acidic or microbial activity in the environment is high. J. Microb. 2016 Jan 11;6:1538. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01538. Carbon steel coupons were exposed to anoxic groundwater from repository site 100 m depth (Olkiluoto, Finland) for periods of 3 and 8 months. Similarly, the stronger C-(C, H) signal in the sterile medium may also be attributed to the adsorption of organics from the 2216E medium. Methods 66, 194205. Environ. I still believe in respect. Zhao, K., Gu, T., Cruz, I. Microorganisms can be classified in different microbial groups, including sulphide producing prokaryotes, acid-producing bacteria, iron-oxidising bacteria, iron-reducing bacteria, nitrate reducing bacteria. 7b, the corrosion rate in the S. putrefaciens-inoculated medium was much lower than that in the sterile medium at every time point. Liu et al.29 found that marine Pseudoalteromonas lipolytica could convert biofilms into biomineralized hybrid films composed of calcite and EPSs in a simulated marine medium, showing strong corrosion inhibition and self-healing activity. Different isolates triggered different corrosion rates and patterns of attack (Figs. One of the more unusual forms of corrosion results from the interaction of bacteria with a wide range of metals and alloys. The tree is rooted by Aquifex aeolicus. Sthr, R., Waberski, A., Liesack, W., Vlker, H., Wehmeyer, U., and Thomm, M. (2001). Palaeontol. 8, 169180 (2005). Highly stressed components are potential initiation sites for MIC induced stress corrosion cracking. doi: 10.1146/annurev.mi.39.100185.001211. Ecol. Jia, R., Yang, D., Xu, J., Xu, D. & Gu, T. Microbiologically influenced corrosion of C1018 carbon steel by nitrate reducing Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm under organic carbon starvation. and mixed consortium (M. f. and . Biotechnol Biofuels 11, 193193 (2018). Build Mater. Microbiol. 77, 385390 (2013). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Three of the nine isolated microorganisms were classified into the Pseudomonas genus, which was found to be the most abundant genus in the microbial communities identified in corroded seal rings (Fig. For example, the annual cost of corrosion problems caused by MIC is estimated to be 1 trillion USD worldwide (Fleming, 1996). The authors also thank the Curtin Corrosion Centre and CSIRO Land and Water for support and technical assistance. Environ. The corrosive effect of groundwater and microbes naturally occurring in groundwater on carbon and stainless steel is assumed to be decreased, when pH of the groundwater has increased due to its. Corros. Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. Moradali, M. F., Ghods, S. & Rehm, B. H. A. Pseudomonas aeruginosa lifestyle: A paradigm for adaptation, survival, and persistence. The corrosion rate of carbon steel in deep groundwater is typically low, unless the water is very acidic or microbial activity in the environment is high. Borenstein, S. & Lindsay, P. MIC failure of 304L stainless steel piping left stagnant after hydrotesting. Google Scholar. doi: 10.1016/0013-4686(92)85110-7, Liu, F., Zhang, J., Zhang, S., Li, W., Duan, J., and Hou, B. In Corrosion 2019, Conference & Expo, Paper No. 3b, the biofilm thickness on the 14th day increased to ~22m. Prevention of MIC in the industry requires the control of the growth and activity of microorganisms, which, provided the right environmental conditions exist, can thrive and initiate or accelerate corrosion of equipment and pipelines. All isolates were evaluated independently and in triplicate by inoculation of the same culture in three serum bottles. Corrosion is the result of spontaneous chemical or electrochemical reactions between metals and the surrounding environment and has costly and detrimental effects on a variety of industries1,2. 39, 319333. The U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Scientific and Technical Information Nevertheless, an alternative reaction has recently been reported by which microbes can induce the corrosion of steels by using elemental iron (Fe0) as electron source (Dinh et al., 2004). Carbon steel corrosion by bacteria from failed seal rings at an offshore facility. Electrochem. When steel was completely covered by the biofilm, the bacteria inhibited corrosion, likely due to O2 scavenging, whereas when steel was partially covered, corrosion was accelerated in the uncovered area. Corros. After 3-months a 10-fold increase in the concentration of bacterial 16S rRNA genes was detected (1.95 107 copies mL-1 in 3M-6C, and 2.23 107 mL-1 in 3M-RT, p < 0.01) in the groundwater exposed to carbon steel (Figure 1A). Recent perspectives on the molecular basis of biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and approaches for treatment and biofilm dispersal. 130, 454470 (2017). The compositions of the surface product in media with and without S. putrefaciens were investigated using energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Sci. 2021 Jun 28;12:675628. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.675628. After 3 months of exposure to groundwater a small amount of dark deposit could be seen on the surfaces of carbon steel coupons (Figure 5) at both temperatures. 2D image of the total surface (left image) and 3D images of 0.38 mm2 of the coupon surface (middle and right image). c Enlarged image of panel b. f Enlarged image of panel e. Figure 2 shows the surface morphology of the Q235 coupons under different culture conditions after removing the surface product. & Kopliku, A. Microbiol. 215 403410. The corrosion reactions commonly associated with microbiologically influenced corrosion on carbon steel are pitting corrosion and crevice corrosion, while stainless steels also suffer from stress corrosion cracking from microbial corrosion. PCR products were purified with the Wizard SV Gel and PCR Clean-Up System (Promega), and Sanger sequencing was conducted by AGRF. Lou, Y. et al. 94, 266272 (2020). Biocide treatment is the traditional method used in the oil and gas industry to mitigate MIC. Corners, fittings, joints and welds are again vulnerable and in the case of fuels and non-water soluble fluids, the interface between the fluid and any water contaminant is particularly susceptible. Evol. FESEM views of the biofilms/corrosion products formed over carbon steel coupons. Low flow areas in circulating systems such as heat exchangers and process piping are particularly susceptible since these "stalled flow" locations provide bacteria with the opportunity to attach to the tube or pipe surface. 79, 8999 (2014). The representative coupons from both temperature treatments (RT and 6C) were chosen for examination with an energy-dispersive x-ray spectrometry (EDS) coupled to scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Ecol. Genomic DNA was extracted using DNeasy PowerBiofilm Kit (Qiagen), as described by the manufacturer. Economical and technical overview, in Microbially Influenced Corrosion of Materials, eds E. Heitz, H. C. Fleming, and W. Sand (New York, NY: Springer-Verlag), 614. Evol. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2015, 6:647. . Influence of Salt Water Flow on Structures and Diversity of Biofilms Grown on 316L Stainless Steel. 3, 4). Mnif, S., Chamkha, M. & Sayadi, S. Isolation and characterisation of Halomonas sp. Environ. The weight loss in each coupon after exposure to abiotic and biotic conditions is shown in Table S3. Upon arrival, samples for microbial growth were processed immediately, and samples for DNA sequencing were stored at 20C until extractions were conducted (maximum 2weeks after collection). The coupons in the S. putrefaciens-inoculated medium exhibited almost no corrosion after immersion for 7 days, and the abraded scratches on the coupon surface were visible. Simple methods for the investigation of the role of biofilms in corrosion. Composition of the culture medium used for the recovery of SPP is described elsewhere92. Once bacteria are established, both anaerobic bacteria that "tunnel" into metal and other forms that adhere under biofilms are extremely difficult to completely remove from the affected system. Nucleic Acids Res. Isolates were shown to increase the corrosion rate and pitting rate of carbon steel (Table S7). PeerJ PrePrints (2018). Based on these results, it was evident that the mineral layers on the coupon surface were induced by S. putrefaciens, and the degree of mineralization increased with time32. AlAbbas, F. M., Bhola, S. M., Spear, J. R., Olson, D. L. & Mishra, B. Corrosion 74, 468486 (2017). The intensity of the Ca2p peak for the coupon immersed in the S. putrefaciens-inoculated medium was much stronger than that for the sample immersed in the sterile medium. By comparing the wild-type strain of P. lipolytica, a strain overproducing EPSs and a strain lacking EPS production, it was confirmed that the EPS-overproducing strain had stronger corrosion inhibition, indicating that the formation of protective biomineralization films was closely related to EPSs. CAS Optical microscopy revealed that after 7 days of carbon steel exposure to P. balearica, the metal surface was completely covered by a biofilm layer. Combined with the results in Supplementary Fig. Appl. The rate of acceleration, however, may be from 10 to 1000 times conventional corrosion rates, requiring that MIC be addressed as a distinct corrosion process from a practical standpoint. (CF) After 8 months incubation. Corrosion 58, 424428 (2002). During 8 months (8M) the formation of the deposits became more intensive, the deposits were darker and contained more iron (w-% 76.5 RT/ 91.2 6C) but less oxygen (w-% 15.6 RT/ 13.2 6C) and carbon (w-% 2.2 RT/6C) on the surfaces both 8M-6C-coupons and 8M-RT-coupons compared to 3-months exposure (Figure 5; Table 3). The corrosion mechanism of carbon steel under deposit in the presence of sulfate reducing bacterium (SRB) Desulfotomaculum nigrificans was studied using surface analysis, weight loss and electrochemical measurements. Microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) and its potential in bioconcrete: microbiological and molecular concepts. The Betaproteobacteria were the most dominant bacterial class in all samples where carbon steel was present, whereas in groundwater incubated without carbon steel the microbial community was less diverse and resembled more the community detected from groundwater in the beginning of the experiment. Corros. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003851, Willems, A., Busse, J., Goor, M., Pot, B., Falsen, E., Jantzen, E., et al. The help of the staff in TVO Olkiluoto NPP during the samplings is gratefully acknowledged. Before observing the bacteria attached to the coupons, the coupons were fixed in 2.5% (v/v) glutaraldehyde at 4C overnight and dehydrated with an ethanol gradient (50, 70, 85, 95, and 100 vol.%) to maintain the original morphology of the bacteria. Google Scholar. government site. Conductivity was measured as above, pH using a Orion 5-star pH meter, redox with a HACH Sension 156 meter and oxygen with a dissolved oxygen test kit (CHEmetrics, 01 ppm, Midland, VA, USA; 3 months exposure) or HACH Sension 156 m (8 months exposure). Surface and corrosion analyses revealed that microorganisms increased general corrosion rates and pitting rates of carbon steel. Microbiol. FEMS Microbiol. Microorganisms may significantly contribute to the corrosion of metallic waste and can accelerate corrosion rates up to 100010,000 fold (Videla, 1996; Carpn et al., 2013). Microbiology 157, 15511564. Once the oxide layer is breached, however, they are particularly vulnerable to both conventional and MIC corrosion. 1 shipwreck during storage, Mineralization and Preservation of an extremotolerant Bacterium Isolated from an Early Mars Analog Environment, Characterisation and comparison of bacterial communities on reverse osmosis membranes of a full-scale desalination plant by bacterial 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding, https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/ggplot2/, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, Marine Vibrio spp. 4b, the surface morphology of the mineralized layer after ten cycles in the wear-resistance test was almost the same as the original morphology. Eng. Since this landmark case, MIC has been widely recognized as a significant problem in both tank and structural aircraft components. To determine the mass loss of the base metal when removing the corrosion products, a replicate uncorroded control coupon was cleaned by the same procedure as that used for the test coupons. 265, 120364 (2020). Pyocyanin-modifying genes phzM and phzS regulated the extracellular electron transfer in microbiologically-influenced corrosion of X80 carbon steel by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Javaherdashti, R. Enhancing the effects of hydrotesting on microbiologically influenced corrosion. Early detection of MIC is difficult due to its localised nature and the wide range of environmental conditions and associated microorganisms17. 2021 Dec 15;800:149539. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149539. Hence, the most likely MIC mechanism that promoted pitting of carbon steel in the presence of this isolate was the production of nitrite via nitrate reduction. All culture media were prepared anaerobically and dispensed in Hungate tubes (15mL capacity). Curr. 87, 6674 (2014). Bibliometric analysis of microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) of oil and gas engineering systems. Effect of relative humidity on ammonium chloride corrosion in refineries. doi: 10.1080/08927019509378271, Little, B., Wagner, P., and Mansfeld, H. (1992). Especially microbial biofilm formed on carbon steel surface has been shown to accelerate corrosion (Little et al., 1992). Clustal W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Rajala P, Nuppunen-Puputti M, Wheat CG, Carpen L. Sci Total Environ. Geets, J., Borremans, B., Diels, L., Springael, D., Vangronsveld, J., van der Lelie, D., et al. Sci. Loss of mass of the carbon steel coupons was determined and the average corrosion rates (m a-1) were calculated in the following way (Equation 1): where K, constant (0.365 104), W, mass loss (mg), T, time of exposure (days), A, area (cm2) of carbon steel coupon, D, density (carbon steel)(g/cm3). The nucleic acid sequences of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene fragments were aligned using ClustalW (Thompson et al., 1994) in Geneious Pro, and the alignment was manually edited. Hou, B. et al. PLoS ONE 11, e0147899 (2016). SWP-4 inoculated medium based on weight loss method Fig. Ag. & Koutsoukos, P. Calcium carbonate deposit formation under isothermal conditions. A denser biofilm, according to the number of 16S rRNA gene copies, was detected on RT-coupons (2.82 106 and 7.03 106 copies cm-2, after 3 and 8 months, respectively, p < 0.05) than on 6C-coupons (4.42 104 and 1.77 105 copies cm-2, after 3 and 8 months, respectively, p < 0.05; Figure 1A). The surface finish of carbon steel coupons was as received. Resour. Microbiologically influenced corrosion inhibition (MICI) of Q235 carbon steel by biomineralization was investigated via a combination of surface analysis, electrochemistry, and scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). The .gov means its official. The potentiodynamic polarization results demonstrated that the corrosion current density (icorr value) of the biomineralized steel surface was 0.38Acm2, which was less than one-tenth that of the blank steel in a sterile medium (4.86Acm2) after 14 days. The results demonstrated that all bacterial isolates triggered general and localised corrosion of carbon steel. 84, e00790-e818 (2018). The three isolates belong to genera that have been previously associated with MIC; however, none of the specific species identified has been related to MIC before.
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