Environ Values 24(3):391412, Bourdieu P (1987) Sozialer Sinn: Kritik der theoretischen Vernunft. >> Biofuel Research Journal (BRJ) publishes high-quality original articles, review articles, case studies, book reviews, short communications, and hypotheses on the fundamentals, applications, processing, and management of biofuel and bioproduct research and technologies: Biofuels & Bioproducts. This research paper conducts a literature review of biomass resources and bio-fuels industries in India. My hope is that this article addresses diverse communities and overcomes boundaries between them with this multidimensional power approach (in particular, between those who still celebrate biofuels as a sustainable innovation and those scholars who completely condemn them because of related power asymmetries). So, if scholars only ask for power over, they will always find winners and losers. The aim of the paper is to review the potential for biofuels to off-set the use of fossil fuels and reduce greenhouse gas emissions in India. 10. Environ Polit 24(1):115137, Puttkammer J, Grethe H (2015) The public debate on biofuels in Germany: who drives the discourse? /Filter /FlateDecode While Nygren [58] argues that certification schemes reproduce (inferior) positions of southern producers as authentic and exotic others, she does not completely deny that certification had a positive impact on altering asymmetries in global networks of production and consumption. I$r9yr+Xp{ E=}JJS] b30??@5J2"0? These examples reveal power over within multi-stakeholder processes. /SMask /None Power over describes the direct and indirect ability of powerful actors, structures, and discourses to influence the actions and even the thoughts of others. /MediaBox [ 0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0 ] Following this perspective, even if small farmers in the Global South have fewer capabilities compared to conglomerates from the EU and the United States, this does not mean that they have no possibility to act independently from them. Secondly, as illustrated in this article, all three conceptions of power are already used in research on biofuels (although sometimes only implicitly; this should change). J Environ Policy Plan 2(4):269285, Jnicke M (2008) Ecological modernisation: new perspectives. I literally transformed into a nuclear bomb. endobj Chapter 3 focused on the estimates of future of demand and supply to analyse the Asian potential of biofuels. /Process 271 0 R In the third dimension, invisible power comes to play as a result of norms and ideas [41]. << Finished Papers. With this article, I hope to have given an impetus for further research in this direction. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt a.M, Guzzini S (1993) Structural power: the limits of neorealist power analysis. /DecodeParms To demonstrate overlaps, especially, in terms of the results of power, I used dashed lines in Fig. Biofuels as a creative alternative and a sustainable innovation may also provoke changes in existing relations of power over and contribute to address asymmetries and inequalities in agrifood and transport systems. . DIKSHANT GHIMIRE. What I want to argue in this article is that exercising consensual forms of power (power with) as well as self-empowerment and resistance (power to) can also eclipse and overcome power asymmetries (power over). University of Nottingham, Nottigham, Partzsch L (2011) The legitimacy of biofuel certification. 274 0 obj Research enabled blending of biofuels with the petro fuels without modifying the existing gasoline and diesel engines. 1). Biofuels have emerged as a centerpiece of the international public policy debate. Whether biofuels represent a sustainable innovation, a creative alternative or a gold rush [1], very much depends on our perception of power and change with regard to sustainability. In this context, policy learning and experiments have been gaining momentum [9, 26]. Power with is a term that refers to processes of developing shared values, finding common ground, and generating collective strengths [2]. Accordingly, biofuels are often seen as an opportunity to empower green ideas and values. J Polit Power 5(3):359376, Guzzini S (2007) The concept of power: a constructivist analysis. Introduction of research paper about tardiness pdf. What is visible is not the power as such, but rather its physical means such as lobbying activities, party financing, and armed force. This article provides an overview of existing understandings of power in the research on biofuels, including positive perceptions that often lead to more optimistic evaluations of biofuels. While power with pertains to collective empowerment and solidarity, power to refers to single actors and separate groups, such as farmers, co-operatives, and individual processors who were initially key players in pioneering biofuel regions [19]. 0000015654 00000 n /Domain [ 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 ] International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research,Volume 3, . . ID 9011. /CA 1.0 Set alert. However, Jatropha can more readily be produced through outgrower schemes as it is less capital intensive [9, 49]. Algae Biofuel Research Paper Pdf This joint effort is working towards the technical ability to produce 10,000 barrels of algae biofuels a day by 2025.Some can also grow in the dark, by consuming sugars Genetic Engineering of Algae for Enhanced Biofuel Production.Potential of the Micro and Macro Algae for Biofuel - Free download as PDF File . In difference to deliberative processes, power with encompasses communicative as well as common action. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1000 ] endobj << J Clean Prod 16(5):557565, Bomb C, Deurwaarder E, Kaberger T (2007) Biofuels for transport in Europe: lessons from Germany and the UK. 0000004841 00000 n Gold rush (power over) is a term with strongly negative connotations, on the one hand, and leads to normatively inflating sustainable innovations (power with) and creative resistance (power to), on the other. biodiesel paper.pdf. The trend is now definitely towards large companies and conglomerates [49, 50]. /Type /XObject Res Policy 38(4):668680, Allen A (1998) Rethinking power. Island Press, Washington, DC, pp 5975, Balat M, Balat H (2009) Recent trends in global production and utilization of bio-ethanol fuel. /E 474729 However, I argue that interrelations may also work the other way around, and this is particularly relevant to the main argument of this article. Prediction of the increase in the worldwide energy consumption by 54% between 2001 and 2025 has led to the considerable interest in the production of bioenergy to meet the future needs. /T 663909 This research is part of the GEF Targeted Research Project: 'Global Assessments and Guidelines for Sustainable Liquid Biofuels Production in Developing Countries'. 264 0 obj The author declares that she has no competing interests. J Peasant Stud 37(4):939962, Digeser P (1992) The fourth face of power. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13705-017-0116-1, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13705-017-0116-1. Springer Nature. << I explain how power imbalances can affect processes of power with and power to. Lena Partzsch. << endobj Foreign Aff 86(3):4153, Horlings LG, Marsden TK (2011) Towards the real green revolution? Terms and Conditions, It becomes possible to examine their interrelations and their supplementary potential. the required research and technology adaptation needs, to implement technology-informed public policies, etc. From a perspective of power over, biofuels can be seen as a gold rush: While everybody expected sudden wealth in this new field, there are very few winners and many losers (e.g. This is often unjustified because the exercise of power with and power to are not per se more legitimate forms of achieving social change. 0000001172 00000 n Therefore we require each and every paper writer to have a bachelor's, master's, or Ph.D., along with 3+ years of experience in academic writing. 0000000017 00000 n Biofuel research paper pdf Notes If actors create reproduce discourses and structures, I call this power to. << /StructTreeRoot 212 0 R >> Biofuel opponents may have accomplished a shift in the biofuel discourse after the 20072008 food price crisis [20, 22]. Food Policy 37(5):581588, Munro B (2015) The lost innocenece of ethanol: Power, knowledge, discourse, and the U.S. biofuel policy: Doctoral dissertation. [ /DeviceN [ /Cyan /Magenta ] /DeviceCMYK 269 0 R 270 0 R ] 0000472980 00000 n << Alternative fuels and renewable sources of energy are the future of the energy market, and this paper goes into serious depth regarding the ways in which . /ca 1.0 0000002527 00000 n Glob Environ Chang 31(1):174186, Martnez-Torres ME, Rosset PM (2010) La Va Campesina: the birth and evolution of a transnational social movement. % The gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were adapted to modify the paper fibers to . The biofuel discourse has further constituted a concatenation of the three issues of agricultural production, energy security, and climate change mitigation. Research analyzes discourses, communication practices, cultural values and institutions, which all work to shape relevant thoughts and actions [12]. We need a multidimensional power approach to explore these interrelations. limping crossword clue 4 letters; vintage culture coachella; pan critique crossword clue; tale intended to arouse pity crossword clue; For the most part, these discourse scholars blame other scholars who apply a perspective of power with for neglecting and postponing important questions of social justice linked to biofuel production [21, 54]. /Parent 199 0 R While Pitkin [6] defines power to as non-relational, Barnett and Duvall [7] define power to as tied to social relations of constitution that define who the actors are, along with their capacities and practices.Footnote 1 Scholars, who take a perspective of power to, may highlight the agency of producing biofuels as a creative alternative in hitherto fossil fuel-dependent societies (e.g., [8, 9]). Nygren [58] illustrates how leading retailers, in negotiation with environmental organizations, have guided consumers expectations of certified Southern forest products by building images of Southern community forest producers as authentic and exotic others. 2006- 20 19 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). Sustainability Governance, Institute of Environmental Social Sciences and Geography, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacher Strasse 4, D-79106, Freiburg, Germany, You can also search for this author in It exposes the diversity with which one can understand power through three ideal type concepts: power with, power to, and power over. Fig. 1.1What is biodiesel? /Resources << /ColorSpace << /CS0 267 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS0 273 0 R /GS1 Ger J Agric Econ 64(4):263273, Runge CF, Senauer B (2007) How biofuels could starve the poor. The discourse only shifted with the 20072008 food price crisis when scholars demystified the ethanol bubble [53] and outlined potentially devastating implications for global poverty and food security. This has heightened a sense of urgency around the development of biofuels produced . >> I gather diverse perceptions of power and illustrate them for biofuel research. )$rq\,/%eE%) Z life is a learning process essay. Your announcement should contain . They highlight the self-empowering agency of hitherto marginalized people to become energy sheiks [40], based on biomass production. /SA true The secondary biofuels can be classified into three generations that are each . JeaXQH11s,K#fUpn~=D:9ymNEG?+s7BdD22;"%r{;AjAg^wM:?5~mbC}GF$#]pbb"|K0a%hZ+[R&mRa{Dno~8W3d(Bk,{M8BQZE%#&q\~i}1mLKtgb~=ox%;0|-TNwPUC6v5popT!JjEXG 66lzd;jCUlDkQ. /Encoding 276 0 R This article provides an overview of existing understandings of power in the research on biofuels, including positive perceptions that often lead to more optimistic evaluations of biofuels. /CA 1.0 An individual student leader in power would speak on behalf of the movement. 0000002876 00000 n biodiesel and petroleum diesel are comparatively analyzed in this review paper. This means that scholars have overemphasized the potential of biofuels as a creative alternative to fossil fuels and sustainable innovation for rural development. Download as PDF. 268 0 obj /ColorSpace [/Indexed /DeviceRGB 15 7 0 R] The primary biofuels are directly produced from burning woody or cellulosic plant material and dry animal waste. In this paper, the feasibility of the dual application of duckweed and azolla aquatic plants for wastewater treatment and production of renewable fuels and petrochemicals is explored. For example, processes of stakeholder dialogue and certification demonstrate that an agreement beyond the lowest common denominator is possible. /ca 1.0 These references are only illustrative. Leske+Budrich, Opladen, Mussatto SI, Dragone G, Guimares PM et al (2010) Technological trends, global market, and challenges of bio-ethanol production. Engineering. biofuel conference 2022. Again, scholars have demonstrated how large conglomerates have manipulated biofuel governance in their favor, and why therefore the biofuels boom should be considered as a gold rush. << Sociol Res Online 13(3):4, Stattman SL, Gupta A (2015) Negotiating authority in the global biofuel governance: Brazil and the EU in the WTO. The obtained biodiesel is Some 50% of this was produced from soya and 40% from rapeseed. Power with is often linked to Arendts definition of power [27].Footnote 2 According to Arendt, power always refers to a group or to a collective of individuals: Power corresponds to the human ability not just to act but to act in concert. Third, convincing and learning (power with) as well as creative ability (power to) and coercion and manipulation (power over) do not completely capture concrete change processes. << 269 0 obj the paper studies both general advantages and disadvantages that encompasses social, economic and environmental impacts. This article involves first of all implicit and explicit understandings of power (how do biofuel researchers think and talk about power?). By contrast, if we ask for the exercise of power to, we may find that biofuels are creative alternative. While the three categories are first of all analytical heuristics, they also stand for different mechanisms of the exercise of power (see Fig. In addition, as public authorities have faced challenges in facilitating the implementation of their sustainability criteria outside their jurisdictions, the EU has started to use these private schemes to verify compliance with sustainability criteria in biofuel production outside its own territory [49, 50]. 12 0 obj Google Scholar, Foucault M (1982) The subject and power. importance of biofuels in Asia and the significance of this study. /d&p1SE6@V]K%6*%rPRA1 f``6?8 AbstractThis paper presents a brief review on the current status of biodiesel production and its performance and emission characteristics as compression ignition engine fuel. Hypatia 13(1):2140, Arendt H (1970) On violence. /ColorSpace /DeviceCMYK /LastChar 151 (Jan2007)_42-49(Bioethanol).pdf **You can also use any other documentation to develop your opinion. In: Worldwatch Institute (ed) State of the world 2006: Special focus: India and China. In the following, I will illustrate this perspective, further differentiating the four faces of power over (see Table1): visible, hidden, invisible, and unconscious power [2, 41]. The next highest producers volume7, Articlenumber:14 (2017) Both biofuel production and gold mining can in addition have very negative environmental effects. Please note. Instead, they understand power (or similar concepts, such as leadership) as serving the common good (climate protection, energy security, and sustainability). >> >> Power with perspectives focus on the benefits of biofuels (sustainable innovation); power to focuses on how new actors develop alternatives to fossil (and nuclear)-based economies; power over points to the limits of change because of the dominance of specific actors, structures, and discourses. 0000003431 00000 n << Energy Policy 35(4):22562267, Foxona T, Pearson P (2008) Overcoming barriers to innovation and diffusion of cleaner technologies: some features of a sustainable innovation policy regime. /S 842 277 0 obj Policies promoting biofuels are hence per se seen to be desirable since, from this perspective, they serve everybodys interest. << Non-leaders also benefit, at least in the long run, from power (with), since biofuels are expected to tackle common problems, such as climate change, enhance energy security, and to contribute to regional development [3, 34]. /Type /Catalog h.hZm6;[* {K A-a \`Nz[l Based on a survey on biofuel research, I will give references for each perspective. 278 0 obj Scholars have taken sides and normatively inflated their own pro biofuel position, while they have dispatched their adversaries as laggards with regard to the future of transport and agriculture. xref The empowerment of non-leaders is not an issue because scholars assume that, in principle, they are also interested in developing sustainable innovations and that they likewise benefit from respective leadership efforts. /Prev 663897 Environmental Impact of Bioethanol in Environment. 0000003146 00000 n /Rect [219.071 408.049 390.802 421.994] The /Subtype /Type1 With the 20072008s shift in discourse, critics re-politicized the governance of biofuels. 0000002475 00000 n Bachrach and Baratz [11] speak of two faces of power emphasizing that some issues never even make it onto the political agenda and are dismissed before observable negotiations start. Production of biodiesel, biogas and bioethanol from various feedstock, several kinds of wastes, many types of biomass and agricultural residues, is ecological viable and sustainable option. In: Barnett MN, Duvall R (eds) Power in global governance. Scholars have described movements, such as Via Campesina, in terms of exercising power over and opposing transnational agriculture corporations [67]. % For example, in January of 2008 the European Union XX]W>ifI5v4NIfU T*T %T[H*%HH,G}l/+TZq3[hpgLRaj#)NWF2aiO2dS5UuY kh.1iyup"0j7ubSCO!&6War6]&!r:x_FI I> lsc;85Y,9oM?&nc(uFXRpl5gifOmz5?<=hMZ(}v`MDa/V ;=d`Yf 6d9A!u [*!g3g'c,%c> N /O 266 11 0 obj Biofuel research: perceptions of power and transition, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13705-017-0116-1, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. GAIA 24(1):4856, Article Leaders and pioneers do not enforce their own interests against or over others; rather they seek to reap joint gains of environmentalism. Earthscan, London, pp 61 Authors: Christin Kubisch and Katrin Ochsenreither. Int Organ 47(3):443478, Dryzek JS (2000) Deliberative democracy and beyond: liberals, critics, contestations. 3 0 obj Biodiesel. Professor Yusuf Chisti, School of Engineering, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand, Tel: +64 6 350 5934, E-mail: . Scholars have demonstrated that the development of biofuels markets benefitted large companies and conglomerates [19]. In this sense, (Young [31]: 285) defines leadership in the interest of common welfare: Leadership () refers to the actions of individuals who endeavor to solve or circumvent the collective action problems that plague the efforts of parties seeking to reap joint gains in processes of institutional bargaining. /Type /Font From this perspective, those who are neither leaders nor pioneers are considered free-riders or laggards, rather than subordinates. For example, sugar is costly to establish, and thus is economically most efficient at large plantation scales. 1 0 obj In practice, however, auditors rarely recognize as valid evidence the forms of proof put forward by local communities, and global conglomerates could even use the standards to increase their primacy vis--vis local farmers [56]. Importance of locust guts for this Study. endstream Coase [43] explains this for business firms. Glob Environ Polit 6(3):1327, Bernard F, Prieur A (2007) Biofuel market and carbon modeling to analyse French biofuel policy. Glob Environ Chang 21(2):441452, Levidow L (2013) EU criteria for sustainable biofuels: accounting for carbon, depoliticizing plunder. /XHeight 397 The movement delegitimizes the acquisition of land by established conglomerates (land grabbing), whose ideational sources of power shrink in consequence. paper to recover the catalyst. /SMask /None With regard to biofuels, several studies have highlighted the central role of knowledge and framing [15, 16, 21]. S. Mobin, F. Alam. To get the online essay writing service, you have to first provide us with the details regarding your research paper. /ID [<746b102c4be37ce54e3d21e342fa5f9e><746b102c4be37ce54e3d21e342fa5f9e>] [4,44], but lower than that observed for duckweed (this research), probably because of higher rates of PO 4-3-P uptake in solutions with low concentrations of . Read Biofuels essays and research papers. Based on this understanding of power, biofuels can potentially be a sustainable innovation that serves the common good (climate protection, energy security, regional development, etc.) A comprehensive analysis of power in diverse parts of biofuel research and governance is definitely a prerequisite for more seriously and intensively exploring questions of where, when, and how the governance of biofuels may also allow for green resistance and collective empowerment.  << As in analytical heuristics, it is not possible to offhand separate power with, power to, and power over in empirical research. ubuntu python3 virtualenv; springfield college msw deadline /Info 210 0 R For example, processes of stakeholder dialogue and certification demonstrate that biofuel research paper pdf agreement beyond cloud storage research paper pdf lowest common denominator is possible. /PDF /Text /ImageC /ImageI ] /XObject << /Fm0 287 0 R /Im0 296 0 R >> >> They found that, in contrast to pro and contra accounts, the arguments of all three organizations reflected a policy consensus based on the mainstream notion of industrial agricultural production, promoting the intensification and expansion of rural production. /Subtype /NChannel << /Pages 197 0 R However, I argue that it is also possible the other way round: there are situations in which power with and power to can address power imbalances and prevent a situation in which there are only a few winners and many losers as a result of biofuel governance. For example, an individual farmer can simply start to produce and use biomass-based fuels without any permission or interference from another actor, such as the petrol industry.
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