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Make your first test-batch using one litre of new oil (fresh, uncooked). When you produce bioethanol, the by-product is a residue called dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS). Low levels of release would not be expected to result in adverse environmental effects. Read more information on HMRCs review and appeal procedures. But the centrifuged fuel didn't come close to the standards requirements. Actually what people speeding up the process usually want isn't more efficiency, it's more production. Use a spare blender you don't need or get a cheap second-hand one -- cheap because it might not last very long, but it will get you going until you build something better. Mixed with methanol they form methoxide. When scaling up from small test-batches to a full-sized processor, be aware that the process will probably need some adjusting. Settling also results usually in oil which is spectacularly clear when observed in a glass container (you can read fine print through it) which means it is quite clean, perhaps cleaner than filtering may give you. Start by titrating the samples. Once again, making biodiesel is safe if you're careful and sensible -- nothing about life is safe if you're not careful and sensible! Which method to use? GC tests cost thousands, but we got it for nothing via a biofuels company we were helping. Do diesels have a future? The minimum lethal dose of methanol in the absence of medical treatment is put at between 0.3 and 1 g/kg. There's no need to filter your biodiesel before using it either. that petrol and diesel are suitable for use in the range of different vehicle and engine technologies in use on our roads. This chapter traces the development of ethanol applications from 1876, when Nicolaus Otto, the inventor of the modern four-cycle internal combustion engine, used ethanol to power an early engine, to the modern ethanol industry, which began in the 1970s, when petroleum-based . It might turn a bit cloudy, keep stirring. Isopropanol (isopropyl alcohol, rubbing alcohol) used for titration (see below) is available from chemicals suppliers. If there's water in it it will start to "snap, crackle and pop" by 50 deg C (120 deg F) or so. Washing the Biodiesel Water is sprayed at low velocity on top of a tall column of biodiesel. Do everything you can to improve the accuracy of your measurements so you get consistent results. Carefully add the lye to the HDPE container via the second funnel. 183 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<875951CE0384309C7FBF5541377CC221>]/Index[175 21]/Info 174 0 R/Length 58/Prev 433449/Root 176 0 R/Size 196/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream Freshly made biodiesel, 20 minutes after processing The glycerine will flow at a lower rate and the the inlet opening should be adjusted so that it finishes at the same time as the oil. It has to be 99% pure or better. Most major European vehicle manufacturers now provide vehicle warranties covering the use of pure biodiesel -- though that might not be just any biodiesel. 70% pure isopropanol is also said to work, but we found it didn't give satisfactory results. Theres no restriction on mixing fully rebated bioblend with any rebated oil, provided its not intended the mixture will be used as fuel for a road vehicle or any engine. Straight vegetable oil The minimum dose of methanol causing permanent visual defects is unknown. Many people filter their WVO before making biodiesel, but filtering takes time and energy, and there's really no need to filter it. How much methanol? Top quality If you already have a deferment agreement in place (for example, if youve previously completed form HO10) you must tell HMRC about the agreement. Wear proper protective gloves, apron, and eye protection and do not inhale any vapours. The biodiesel should be ready for instant consumption if it's clear and bright and without sediments. Quality biodiesel is well-washed biodiesel. You need to be quick when measuring out the lye because it rapidly absorbs water from the atmosphere and water interferes with the biodiesel reaction. Their fuel quality suffers for it, and when they encounter that inevitable "problem batch", they suffer for it too. Filtering it is no use, and letting it settle for a few weeks won't help much either. Under the powers given by Regulation 6 of the Revenue Traders (Accounts and Records) Regulations 1992 HMRC requires that details of recipes used to produce biodiesel are kept and preserved for 6 years. See Removing the water, below. -- Joe Street, Biofuel mailing list, July 2006 "Methanol is a fixed-carbon nutrient source for plants." There is no cheating." See Accurate measurements This is the number of grams of lye you'll need per litre of the oil you titrated. Biodiesel in Hong Kong Biodiesel yield estimates are conservative. When scaling up from small test-batches to a full-sized processor, be aware that the process will probably need some adjusting. These certificates can be: traded (providing a potential revenue stream to biofuel suppliers), used by fossil fuel suppliers to meet their obligation. He's a tinkerer, and came up with an elaborate filtering/dewatering system. For instance, different blenders and mini-processors have different shapes and different rates of agitation, and the processing time required for good process completion can vary accordingly. -- From "Agriculture and Methanol", Chapter 7, Methanol Production and Use, ed. You might have to adjust it. Mix for 20-30 minutes, or longer. Biodiesel in Hong Kong You have to start the engine on ordinary petro-diesel (or biodiesel) in one tank and then switch to SVO in the other tank when the veg-oil is hot enough (i.e. Short of vacuum, start with heating the oil to 60 deg C and settling it, as Aleks Kac recommends, and if that doesn't give satisfactory results, try boiling the water off, as Mike Pelly recommends. If you make it from used cooking oil it's not only cheap but you'll be recycling a troublesome waste product that too often ends up in sewers and landfills instead of being recycled. Although Dale's points about unknown solutes in waste vegetable oil and their ability to lock up water are true I have found that practically speaking oil (even terrible oil) can be reliably dried to the point of being reacted without problems by the process of heat and vacuum. Then, check the acid content, by titration. Pre-heat the oil to 55 deg C (130 deg F) and pour it into the blender. Make sure the lye is completely dissolved in the methanol. (We recommend using potassium hydroxide, KOH, instead of NaOH. It's a basic technique you'll always use. You can also use red cabbage juice, which changes from red in a strong acid, to pink, purple, blue, and finally green in a strong alkali, or one of the other plant-based pH indicators. Study everything on this page and the next page and at the links in the text. Make sure the chemicals you're using are top-quality. No titration? lye catalyst, either potassium hydroxide (KOH) or sodium hydroxide (NaOH) can be used, but we recommend KOH, especially for beginners -- KOH is easier to use and it gives better results http://www.biodiesel.org/resources/reportsdatabase/reports/gen/gen014.pdf Badly processed biodiesel with poor conversion and too much soap might contain sediments in suspension, but if it's properly made it will be without sediments. (Wooden chopsticks make good stirrers for titration.) Its environmental effects if any are minimal and short-lived. Let it settle for at least 24 hours (or for a week or two). Check that the blender seals are in good order. We use a 55-gal (200-litre) steel drum for storage, but we don't pump the WVO out from the top. You could try spraying it on half a small patch of weeds and don't spray the other half to see what happens. Actually what people speeding up the process usually want isn't more efficiency, it's more production. Food or fuel? Lye reacts with aluminium, tin and zinc. There are no reports of carcinogenic, genotoxic, reproductive or developmental effects in humans due to methanol exposure. The cleanest they'd seen, they said how did we make such good biodiesel from WVO? Make your own biodiesel Freshly made biodiesel, 20 minutes after processing The standard accounting period currently runs from midnight on the 15th of the month to midnight on the 14th of the following month. See Natural test papers -- Cabbage, Turmeric, Brazil, Dahlia, Elderberry, Indigo, Litmus, Rose, Rhubarb. The following paragraph has the force of law. Removing the water "DriGas" fuel antifreeze can also be used for test batches, one type is pure methanol (eg "HEET" in the yellow container), another type is isopropyl alcohol (isopropanol, rubbing alcohol), make sure to get the methanol one. It's sensitive to light, store it in a cool, dark place. Biodiesel production is the process of producing the biofuel, biodiesel, through the chemical reactions of transesterification and esterification. -- Summary Get some small glass jars and keep samples of all your batches, clearly labelled and cross-referenced to the notes in your journal. You can get high-quality KOH and NaOH from Duda's Alternative Energy Store, buy online: http://dudadiesel.com/. Pre-heat the oil to 55 deg C (130 deg F) and pour it into the blender. Out of 1,601 methanol poisonings reported in the US in 1987 the death rate was 0.375%, or 1 in 267 cases. More information is available on the DfT website. [1] This involves vegetable or animal fats and oils being reacted with short-chain alcohols (typically methanol or ethanol ). Some proportion of a dose of methanol just goes straight through, excreted by the lungs and kidneys unchanged. More about methanol Safety. It's there anyway even if you've never been exposed to chemical methanol or its fumes. Lye is sold in supermarkets and hardware stores as a drain-cleaner, there's probably a can of it under the sink in most households. It's there anyway even if you've never been exposed to chemical methanol or its fumes. As a revenue trader you must maintain records relating to your business affairs. Using a known temperature and a vacuum gauge is a very repeatable way of drying oil. I estimate that oil at 55-60 deg C can contain as much as 10,000 PPM (that's 1%) water. 2008; Helwani et al., For higher titration levels, heat the oil to 60 deg C (140 deg F), maintain the temperature for 15 minutes, then allow to cool, and let it settle. Pump the oil out from the top, leave the bottom 90% for removal later and re-settling. Keep your processing fine-tuned by making test batches and using the quality tests. (I am also very careful with my caustic and methanol.) Apart from chemicals and some beakers, syringes and so on, the only thing we bought was a set of scales. http://snipurl.com/j94e Methanol as a plant nutrient And we don't use open containers for processing now, and neither should you (see Safety, see Processors) -- and mix the methanol in closed containers too. Biofuel list member Joe Street adds: As soon as the process is completed, pour the mixture from the blender or the mini-processor into the 2-litre PET bottle for settling and screw on the lid tightly. Make sure the lye is completely dissolved in the methanol. Ethanol You don't have to convert the engine to run it on biodiesel, but you might need to make some adjustments and you should check a few things. Safety (MSDS) data for methyl alcohol As soon as the process is completed, pour the mixture from the blender or the mini-processor into the 2-litre PET bottle for settling and screw on the lid tightly. Quality testing This is easily arranged, and an ordinary small aquarium air-pump will do. See: Biodiesel and your vehicle -- Compatability: Rubber. Some people (fewer and fewer of them) say washing isn't necessary, arguing that the small amounts of contaminants cause no engine damage. (See above, Mixing the methoxide.) As you can see from the hard data, the production cost for ethanol today is $1.22 per gallon, which translates to $51.24 per barrel. Washing Most of this will be ready for the barrel the next week. If it's poor quality oil with a high titration level, heat it first, as in de-watering (above), and then let it settle. You have just made high-quality diesel fuel. Unless released in high concentrations, methanol would not be expected to persist or bioaccumulate in the environment. With KOH it depends on the strength. We'd made a wooden jig with a portable vice clamped to it holding a power drill fitted with a paint mixer to stir the contents of the oil drum. This mixture is sodium methoxide, a powerful corrosive base -- take full safety precautions when working with sodium methoxide, have a source of running water handy, along with a bottle of vinegar -- quench any splashes on the skin with vinegar, thern rinse thoroughly with running water. Yes, methanol is a dangerous chemical, but quite how dangerous it may be is a little hard to say, and it causes surprisingly little harm. There's a fair chance you'd just be picking up someone else's bad habits. We kept stirring for an hour, keeping the temperature constant. Make sure all parts of the blender are clean and dry and that the blender components are tightly fitted. If you burn/maim/blind/kill yourself or anyone else, that will make us truly sad, but not liable -- it's nobody's responsibility but your own. Please read this whole section right to the end. Titration will tell you that. We've had a number of reports that centrifuges give poor results compared with normal settling, and especially compared with washing -- washing centrifuged fuel has yielded very soapy wash-water, so obviously the centrifuging didn't work very well. More about lye Have a bottle of vinegar handy to neutralise any lye or methoxide you may get on your skin -- rinse it off with vinegar, then rinse thoroughly with water. Two-stage biodiesel process The droplets are removed most efficiently by coalescing and draining. 1. Pump the oil out from the top, leave the bottom 90% for removal later and re-settling. If not, then see What should you do if your fuel doesn't pass the wash-test? Most cases were caused by drinking badly made moonshine, which is a worldwide problem. See above, Mixing the methoxide.) Phenolphthalein is colourless up to pH 8.3, then it turns pink (or rather magenta), and red at pH 10.4. Badly processed biodiesel with poor conversion and too much soap might contain sediments in suspension, but if it's properly made it will be without sediments. Most of the excess methanol used in the biodiesel process ends up in the glycerine by-product layer, and should be reclaimed for re-use. You can do it too it's proof that the step-by-step instructions you'll find here and Journey to Forever's backyard brewers' cheapo kitchen-sink quality tests will indeed guide you to a top-quality product that will make any diesel engine happy, and keep it that way. Recommendations, and much more, here. See Safety. This scheme is not available to Registered Consignee movements in Northern Ireland as European law requires them to be covered by a guarantee. Methanol can cause blindness and death. Here's another way, from Aleks Kac -- it uses less energy and doesn't risk forming more Free Fatty Acids (see below) by overheating. For higher titration levels, heat the oil to 60 deg C (140 deg F), maintain the temperature for 15 minutes, then allow to cool, and let it settle. SP95-E10 (Sans Plomb 95 Octane, Ethanol 10% = Lead Free 95 Octane containing 10% of Ethanol) is already being sold throughout France. When motor fuel is delivered to home use on payment of duty and subsequently becomes contaminated, or accidentally mixed, a credit of excise duty may be allowed under the provisions of HODA 1979 Section 20. These are dangerous chemicals -- treat them with respect! One is settled, two are settling, and one is being filled. (See above, Mixing the methoxide.) The required amount of ethanol is placed into a small covered container. Ethanol picks up water and contributes to corrosion and phase separation where Ethanol and any water held in solution can separate out into distinct layers. Keep on carefully adding the lye solution until the mixture just starts to turn pink (magenta) and stays that way for 15 seconds. 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